• For small heading changes, use a bank angle that doesn’t exceed degrees to be turned
• Lead desired heading and begin roll-out apprx. ½ the bank angle in degrees
• Perfect this technique to determine appropriate lead for current aircraft
• Timed Turns:
  • Calibrate turn coordinator to determine actual std. turn indication (establish std. rate turn and check headings at chosen time intervals)
    • Note correct deflection of turn coordinator required for std. rate and use that in all std. rate turns
  • 3* per second at standard rate
  • See IFH Figure 5-34 for primary and supporting instruments
• Compass Turns:
  • Compass Errors:
    • Variation
      • Isogonic and Agonic lines
      • Conversion from True to Magnetic North
    • Deviation
    • Magnetic Dip
      • Caused by vertical component of Earth’s flux lines
      • Acceleration/Deceleration Error (ANDS in the Northern Hemisphere)
      • Turning Error (UNOS in the Northern Hemisphere)
        • Magnitude is apprx. equal to current latitude for N or S

During Flight:

• Instructor will check heading indicator for accuracy of student’s turns
• Student will perform maneuver as covered before flight
• Student will perform maneuver with partial panel

See IFH C. 5-23