• Review general aircraft operation and speeds
• Review aerodynamics for level turns
  • Aileron actions
  • Adverse yaw
  • Use of rudder
    • Once established in medium turn, rudder is no longer needed (no adverse yaw because ailerons are neutral)
• Terms:
  • Shallow turns – lateral stability attempts to return wings level ( < 20?(
    • Extra lift developed by outside wing moving faster is not enough to overcome inherent lateral stability
  • Medium turns – airplane remains at constant bank (20? – 45?)
    • Increased lift developed by outside wing moving faster balances aircraft’s inherent lateral stability
  • Steep turns – airplane tends to overbank (> 45?)
    • Increased lift developed by outside wing overpowers inherent lateral stability and causes tendency to increase bank angle
    • As a result of increase lift, increased induced drag causes wing to lag slightly, inducing a slight slip in steep turns
  • Parallax error in turns in aircraft with side-by-side seats
    • Left turns make nose appear to rise
    • Right turns make nose appear to descend
• Roll out of turns ½ bank angle before desired heading

During Flight:

• Instructor begins lesson with medium turns to reduce interfering factors such as lateral stability and overbanking tendency
• Instructor ensures student has a light grip on controls and makes small corrections
• Instructor ensures student maintains coordination in turns

• Students should focus outside, but crosscheck situation with instruments occasionally
• Check, correct, recheck
• Instructor ensures student retains an upright posture during turns
• During steep turns, instructor ensures student corrects altitude loss by first lessening bank angle’

See AFH C. 3-7