CFI Lesson Plans

Airplane Post-Flight Procedures

Jack — Sat, 31 May 2008 21:59:58 +0000

Objective:

To teach the pilot proper procedures and technique to perform after the flight has concluded. To teach the pilot to shutdown and secure the aircraft after flight.

Content:

Review aircraft checklists before flight
After Landing
- See checklist or AFM/POH
- Slow to taxi speed before exiting runway
- Stop completely clear of runway to perform after landing checks
Parking
- Park in designated location, otherwise, clear of jet blast, etc
Engine Shutdown
- Follow procedures in AFM/POH
Securing and Servicing
- Quick post-flight check
- Fill fuel tanks if aircraft will be inactive
- Last flight or windy conditions call for hangaring or tying down of aircraft

See AFH C 2-11

See aircraft AFM/POH

Completion Standards:

The lesson is complete when the instructor, through repeated flights with the student, determines that the student has adequate knowledge of post-flight procedures.

Soft-Field Approach and Landing

Jack — Sat, 31 May 2008 21:59:13 +0000

Objective:

To teach the pilot proper procedures and technique for making landings on soft surfaces.

Content:

Before Flight:

When is this used?
Lower than normal airspeed requires vigilance
Used to minimize nose-over force from touchdown on soft fields
Wider than normal pattern should be flown to allow time for proper setup
Touchdown should be made at lowest possible speed
See aircraft AFM/POH for specific procedures
Region of reversed command and its applicability to soft-field approaches
Considerations after touchdown

During Flight:

Instructor demonstrates maneuver, then student executes according to procedures discussed during preflight
Student maintains back elevator pressure after touchdown and uses brakes sparingly

See aircraft AFM/POH

See AFH C. 8-17

See relevant figures in AFH C. 8

Completion Standards:

The lesson is complete when the student can fly a stabilized soft-field approach and landing at 1.3VSO +- 5 knots and can touch down as required by a soft-field landing. The instructor must also determine that the student has the appropriate knowledge required for soft-field landings by giving an oral or written exam.

Short-Field Approach and Landing

Jack — Sat, 31 May 2008 21:58:37 +0000

Objective:

To teach the pilot the proper procedures and technique for flying the airplane at one of its crucial performance capabilities while close to the ground in order to safely land within confined areas.

Content:

Before Flight:

When is this used?
Airspeed control even more critical than normal landings
Wider than normal pattern should be flown to allow time for proper setup
See aircraft AFM/POH for specific procedures
Region of reversed command and its applicability to short field approaches

During Flight:

Instructor demonstrates maneuver, then student executes according to procedures discussed during preflight

See aircraft AFM/POH

See AFH C. 8-17

See relevant figures in AFH C. 8

Completion Standards:

The lesson is complete when the student can fly a stabilized short-field approach and landing at 1.3VSO +- 5 knots and can touch down at or within 100 feet beyond the specified point of landing. The instructor must also determine that the student has the appropriate knowledge required for short-field landings by giving an oral or written exam.

Airplane Landing Go-Around

Jack — Sat, 31 May 2008 21:58:01 +0000

Objective:

To teach the student the proper procedures and technique for executing an alternative to a landing that cannot be accomplished for any reason.

Content:

Before Flight:

Review relevant aircraft aerodynamics and performance characteristics
Go-around is not an emergency-only maneuver
Power – number one concern
Altitude
Configuration – flaps first, then landing gear
- Full flaps usually create more drag than landing gear
- In case aircraft accidentally touches down during go-around initiation, gear down and locked will be advantageous
- Dangers of immediate full flap retraction
Anticipation of aerodynamic forces

During Flight:

Student executes maneuver and instructor offers corrections when needed

See aircraft AFM/POH

See AFH C. 8-11

See AFH Figure 8-14

Completion Standards:

The lesson is complete when the instructor determines that the student can perform a proper go-around by making a timely decision to discontinue the landing, applying takeoff power immediately and pitching for Vy, performing other required elements of the go-around.

Airplane Forward Slip to Landing

Jack — Sat, 31 May 2008 21:57:20 +0000

Objective:

To teach the pilot proper procedures and technique for performing a forward slip to a landing in order to lose excess altitude quickly.

Content:

Before Flight:

What is a slip?
- Occurs when bank angle too great for current rate of turn
- Forward slip is one in which the airplane’s direction of motion continues the same as before the slip was begun
Useful in situations where obstacles must be cleared during approaches to confined areas
Can be used to rapidly reduce airspeed in situations where flaps cannot be used or are not installed
Slips cause large increases in drag. Why?
Practical slip limit
- Point at which maximum rudder is used, slip cannot increase
Recovering form a slip
Slips may improve stall characteristics in some airplanes, however, normal instrument indications may be incorrect because of position error
- Student should learn to recognize proper slip by attitude, sound of airflow, and feel of controls
What does the AFM/POH say about slips? (i.e. With flaps extended, etc)

During Flight:

Instructor demonstrates then student executes maneuver

See AFH C. 8-10

See AFH Figure 8-13

See specific aircraft AFM/POH

Note aircraft placards relating to slip limitations

Completion Standards:

The lesson is complete when the instructor determines that the student understands the forward slip maneuver and its uses and can execute the procedure by giving an oral or written exam and by having the student perform the maneuver properly in flight.

Normal and Crosswind Approaches and Landings

Jack — Sat, 31 May 2008 21:56:23 +0000

Objective:

To teach the pilot appropriate procedures and techniques for approach and landing in normal and crosswind conditions. To teach the pilot to recognize unsafe conditions and improve the pilot’s judgment.

Content:

Before Flight:

Review aircraft performance information and V-speeds
Review Normal/Crosswind Takeoff/Climbout lesson
Review manufacturer’s recommended procedures
Downwind
Base
Final
Flare and Touchdown
- Ground Effect
After Landing
Slips
Go-Arounds
Differences and considerations in performing crosswind approach/landing

During Flight:

Instructor demonstrates maneuver at least once before student executes
Student performs maneuver as explained during preflight, according to AFM/POH, and detailed by the instructor

See AFH C. 8-1 to 8-16

See corresponding AFH Figures in C. 8

See specific aircraft AFM/POH

Completion Standards:

The lesson is complete when the student demonstrates knowledge through a written or oral exam and is able to perform normal and crosswind approaches and landings to the satisfaction of the instructor and in accordance with the current Practical Test Standards for the student’s stage of training.

Airplane Emergency Equipment and Survival Gear

Jack — Sat, 31 May 2008 21:55:41 +0000

Objective:

To familiarize the student with emergency equipment and survival gear that is required by the FARs and that he may encounter while flying.

Content:

Survival equipment for over-water operations (91.509)
Standard emergency equipment (91.513)
- Hand fire extinguishers
- First aid kits
- Crash axe if over 19 passengers
- Megaphone if over 60 passengers

See 14 CFR Part 91.509

See 14 CFR Part 91.513

Completion Standards:

The lesson is complete when the instructor determines that the student has adequate knowledge of emergency equipment and survival gear by giving an oral or written exam.

Airplane Systems and Equipment Malfunction

Jack — Sat, 31 May 2008 21:54:53 +0000

Objective:

To instill in the student the proper techniques and procedures for dealing with malfunctions of any systems or equipment on board the aircraft

Content:

Before Flight:

Cover all emergency procedures in Section 3 of AFM/POH
Flight instrument system malfunctions
- Practice systems failures in simulator

During Flight:

Instructor will simulate failure or malfunction of systems or equipment
Student identify situation and perform emergency procedures for each selected emergency situation as detailed by the instructor

See AFH C. 16

See AFH C. 16 Figures

See specific Aircraft AFM/POH

Completion Standards:

The lesson is complete when the instructor determines that the student knows the proper emergency procedures involved in flying his aircraft and can execute those procedures promptly and correctly by giving an oral or written exam and by simulating emergencies during flight.

Airplane Maneuvers – Emergency Approach and Landing

Jack — Sat, 31 May 2008 21:54:08 +0000

Objective:

To instill in the student the knowledge that almost any terrain can be considered “suitable” for a survivable crash landing if the pilot knows how to use the airplane structure for self-protection and the protection of passengers.

Content:

Before Flight:

Types of Emergency Landings:
- Forced
- Precautionary
- Ditching
Psychological Hazards
- Reluctance to accept the emergency situation
- Desire to save the airplane
- Fear turning to panic
Basic Safety Concepts
- General
  - Use dispensable aircraft structure to absorb force
  - Use man-made and natural structures to absorb force
  - Touch down at lowest possible speed
- Altitude/Sink rate control
- Terrain selection
- Airplane configuration
- Approach
Terrain Types
Cover emergency procedures for specific aircraft

During Flight:

Student will perform emergency procedures as outlined in AFM/POH and detailed by instructor

See AFH C. 16

See AFH C. 16 Figures

See Aircraft AFM/POH

Completion Standards:

The lesson is complete when the student demonstrates knowledge through a written or oral exam and is able to perform emergency approaches and landings to the satisfaction of the instructor and in accordance with the current Practical Test Standards for the student’s stage of training.

Airplane Maneuvers – Eights on Pylons

Jack — Sat, 31 May 2008 21:53:26 +0000

Objective:	To develop in the student the ability to compensate for drift during turns, orient the flightpath with ground references, follow an assigned ground track, arrive at specified points on assigned headings, and divide the pilot’s attention.
Content:	Before Flight: Before introducing this maneuver, instructor should ensure that the student has the ability to make a coordinated turn without gain or loss of altitude, excellent feel of the airplane, stall recognition, relaxation with low altitude maneuvering, and an absence of the error of over concentration. Review pivotal altitude (TAS² / 11.3 = Pivotal Altitude) Student should not use rudder pressure to keep the pylon along line-of-sight During Flight: Instructor can demonstrate pivotal altitude by flying circles from an altitude well above pivotal altitude and descending to an altitude well below pivotal while the student observes the results in the apparent motion of reference points Altitude at which line of sight apparently stops moving forward or backward in relation to ground is pivotal altitude Before the maneuver, the student should select a sighting reference line that, from eye level, parallels the lateral axis of the airplane Student will select two prominent points to serve as the pylons lying in line on the ground perpendicular to the wind direction The pylons should be at the same elevation The student will begin by flying diagonally crosswind between the pylons to a point downwind from the first pylon so that the first turn can be made into the wind (first turn left) As aircraft approaches point where line-of-sight is just behind pylon, the student will begin the turn by lowering upwind wing The student will maintain the pylon along his line-of-sight by descending slightly if the pylon begins to move forward, and climbing slightly if the pylon begins to move aft The student will continue the turn until on a 45° for a turn around the second pylon As the aircraft approaches point where line-of-sight on opposite wing is just behind pylon, the student will begin the second turn in the opposite direction Student will fly around the second pylon in the same manner as the first and exit the maneuver on the same heading as entered
	See AFH C. 6-12 See AFH Figure 6-13
Completion Standards:	The lesson is complete when the student demonstrates knowledge through a written or oral exam and is able to perform eights-on-pylons to the satisfaction of the instructor and in accordance with the current Practical Test Standards for the student’s stage of training.