• Review aircraft checklists before flight
• After Landing
  • See checklist or AFM/POH
  • Slow to taxi speed before exiting runway
  • Stop completely clear of runway to perform after landing checks
• Parking
  • Park in designated location, otherwise, clear of jet blast, etc
• Engine Shutdown
  • Follow procedures in AFM/POH
• Securing and Servicing
  • Quick post-flight check
  • Fill fuel tanks if aircraft will be inactive
  • Last flight or windy conditions call for hangaring or tying down of aircraft

See AFH C 2-11

See aircraft AFM/POH

• When is this used?
• Lower than normal airspeed requires vigilance
• Used to minimize nose-over force from touchdown on soft fields
• Wider than normal pattern should be flown to allow time for proper setup
• Touchdown should be made at lowest possible speed
• See aircraft AFM/POH for specific procedures
• Region of reversed command and its applicability to soft-field approaches
• Considerations after touchdown

During Flight:

• Instructor demonstrates maneuver, then student executes according to procedures discussed during preflight
• Student maintains back elevator pressure after touchdown and uses brakes sparingly

See aircraft AFM/POH

See AFH C. 8-17

See relevant figures in AFH C. 8

• When is this used?
• Airspeed control even more critical than normal landings
• Wider than normal pattern should be flown to allow time for proper setup
• See aircraft AFM/POH for specific procedures
• Region of reversed command and its applicability to short field approaches

During Flight:

• Instructor demonstrates maneuver, then student executes according to procedures discussed during preflight

See aircraft AFM/POH

See AFH C. 8-17

See relevant figures in AFH C. 8

• Review relevant aircraft aerodynamics and performance characteristics
• Go-around is not an emergency-only maneuver
• Power – number one concern
• Altitude
• Configuration – flaps first, then landing gear
  • Full flaps usually create more drag than landing gear
  • In case aircraft accidentally touches down during go-around initiation, gear down and locked will be advantageous
  • Dangers of immediate full flap retraction
• Anticipation of aerodynamic forces

During Flight:

• Student executes maneuver and instructor offers corrections when needed

See aircraft AFM/POH

See AFH C. 8-11

See AFH Figure 8-14

• What is a slip?
  • Occurs when bank angle too great for current rate of turn
  • Forward slip is one in which the airplane’s direction of motion continues the same as before the slip was begun
• Useful in situations where obstacles must be cleared during approaches to confined areas
• Can be used to rapidly reduce airspeed in situations where flaps cannot be used or are not installed
• Slips cause large increases in drag. Why?
• Practical slip limit
  • Point at which maximum rudder is used, slip cannot increase
• Recovering form a slip
• Slips may improve stall characteristics in some airplanes, however, normal instrument indications may be incorrect because of position error
  • Student should learn to recognize proper slip by attitude, sound of airflow, and feel of controls
• What does the AFM/POH say about slips? (i.e. With flaps extended, etc)

During Flight:

• Instructor demonstrates then student executes maneuver

See AFH C. 8-10

See AFH Figure 8-13

See specific aircraft AFM/POH

Note aircraft placards relating to slip limitations

• Review aircraft performance information and V-speeds
• Review Normal/Crosswind Takeoff/Climbout lesson
• Review manufacturer’s recommended procedures
• Downwind
• Base
• Final
• Flare and Touchdown
  • Ground Effect
• After Landing
• Slips
• Go-Arounds
• Differences and considerations in performing crosswind approach/landing

During Flight:

• Instructor demonstrates maneuver at least once before student executes
• Student performs maneuver as explained during preflight, according to AFM/POH, and detailed by the instructor

See AFH C. 8-1 to 8-16

See corresponding AFH Figures in C. 8

See specific aircraft AFM/POH

• Survival equipment for over-water operations (91.509)
• Standard emergency equipment (91.513)
  • Hand fire extinguishers
  • First aid kits
  • Crash axe if over 19 passengers
  • Megaphone if over 60 passengers

See 14 CFR Part 91.509

See 14 CFR Part 91.513

• Cover all emergency procedures in Section 3 of AFM/POH
• Flight instrument system malfunctions
  • Practice systems failures in simulator

During Flight:

• Instructor will simulate failure or malfunction of systems or equipment
• Student identify situation and perform emergency procedures for each selected emergency situation as detailed by the instructor

See AFH C. 16

See AFH C. 16 Figures

See specific Aircraft AFM/POH

• Types of Emergency Landings:
  • Forced
  • Precautionary
  • Ditching
• Psychological Hazards
  • Reluctance to accept the emergency situation
  • Desire to save the airplane
  • Fear turning to panic
• Basic Safety Concepts
  • General
    • Use dispensable aircraft structure to absorb force
    • Use man-made and natural structures to absorb force
    • Touch down at lowest possible speed
  • Altitude/Sink rate control
  • Terrain selection
  • Airplane configuration
  • Approach
• Terrain Types
• Cover emergency procedures for specific aircraft

During Flight:

• Student will perform emergency procedures as outlined in AFM/POH and detailed by instructor

See AFH C. 16

See AFH C. 16 Figures

See Aircraft AFM/POH

• Before introducing this maneuver, instructor should ensure that the student has the ability to make a coordinated turn without gain or loss of altitude, excellent feel of the airplane, stall recognition, relaxation with low altitude maneuvering, and an absence of the error of over concentration.
• Review pivotal altitude (TAS² / 11.3 = Pivotal Altitude)
• Student should not use rudder pressure to keep the pylon along line-of-sight

During Flight:

• Instructor can demonstrate pivotal altitude by flying circles from an altitude well above pivotal altitude and descending to an altitude well below pivotal while the student observes the results in the apparent motion of reference points
  • Altitude at which line of sight apparently stops moving forward or backward in relation to ground is pivotal altitude
• Before the maneuver, the student should select a sighting reference line that, from eye level, parallels the lateral axis of the airplane
• Student will select two prominent points to serve as the pylons lying in line on the ground perpendicular to the wind direction
  • The pylons should be at the same elevation
• The student will begin by flying diagonally crosswind between the pylons to a point downwind from the first pylon so that the first turn can be made into the wind (first turn left)
• As aircraft approaches point where line-of-sight is just behind pylon, the student will begin the turn by lowering upwind wing
• The student will maintain the pylon along his line-of-sight by descending slightly if the pylon begins to move forward, and climbing slightly if the pylon begins to move aft
• The student will continue the turn until on a 45° for a turn around the second pylon
• As the aircraft approaches point where line-of-sight on opposite wing is just behind pylon, the student will begin the second turn in the opposite direction
• Student will fly around the second pylon in the same manner as the first and exit the maneuver on the same heading as entered

See AFH Figure 6-13