By Month:
May 2008
Airplane Post-Flight Procedures
Objective:
To teach the pilot proper procedures and technique to perform after the flight has concluded. To teach the pilot to shutdown and secure the aircraft after flight.
Content:
Review aircraft checklists before flight
After Landing
See checklist or AFM/POH
Slow to taxi speed before exiting runway
Stop [...]
Soft-Field Approach and Landing
Objective:
To teach the pilot proper procedures and technique for making landings on soft surfaces.
Content:
Before Flight:
When is this used?
Lower than normal airspeed requires vigilance
Used to minimize nose-over force from touchdown on soft fields
Wider than normal pattern should be flown to allow time for proper setup
Touchdown [...]
Short-Field Approach and Landing
Objective:
To teach the pilot the proper procedures and technique for flying the airplane at one of its crucial performance capabilities while close to the ground in order to safely land within confined areas.
Content:
Before Flight:
When is this used?
Airspeed control even more critical than normal landings
Wider [...]
Airplane Landing Go-Around
Objective:
To teach the student the proper procedures and technique for executing an alternative to a landing that cannot be accomplished for any reason.
Content:
Before Flight:
Review relevant aircraft aerodynamics and performance characteristics
Go-around is not an emergency-only maneuver
Power – number one concern
Altitude
Configuration – flaps first, then [...]
Airplane Forward Slip to Landing
Objective:
To teach the pilot proper procedures and technique for performing a forward slip to a landing in order to lose excess altitude quickly.
Content:
Before Flight:
What is a slip?
Occurs when bank angle too great for current rate of turn
Forward slip is one in which the airplane’s direction [...]
Normal and Crosswind Approaches and Landings
Objective:
To teach the pilot appropriate procedures and techniques for approach and landing in normal and crosswind conditions. To teach the pilot to recognize unsafe conditions and improve the pilot’s judgment.
Content:
Before Flight:
Review aircraft performance information and V-speeds
Review Normal/Crosswind Takeoff/Climbout lesson
Review manufacturer’s recommended procedures
Downwind
Base
Final
Flare [...]
Airplane Emergency Equipment and Survival Gear
Objective:
To familiarize the student with emergency equipment and survival gear that is required by the FARs and that he may encounter while flying.
Content:
Survival equipment for over-water operations (91.509)
Standard emergency equipment (91.513)
Hand fire extinguishers
First aid kits
Crash axe if over 19 passengers
Megaphone [...]
Airplane Systems and Equipment Malfunction
Objective:
To instill in the student the proper techniques and procedures for dealing with malfunctions of any systems or equipment on board the aircraft
Content:
Before Flight:
Cover all emergency procedures in Section 3 of AFM/POH
Flight instrument system malfunctions
Practice systems failures in simulator
During Flight:
Instructor will simulate failure [...]
Airplane Maneuvers – Emergency Approach and Landing
Objective:
To instill in the student the knowledge that almost any terrain can be considered “suitable” for a survivable crash landing if the pilot knows how to use the airplane structure for self-protection and the protection of passengers.
Content:
Before Flight:
Types of Emergency Landings:
Forced
Precautionary
Ditching
Psychological Hazards
Reluctance to [...]
Airplane Maneuvers – Eights on Pylons
Objective:
To develop in the student the ability to compensate for drift during turns, orient the flightpath with ground references, follow an assigned ground track, arrive at specified points on assigned headings, and divide the pilot’s attention.
Content:
Before Flight:
Before introducing this maneuver, instructor should ensure that the student has [...]
Airplane Maneuvers – Turns Around a Point
Objective:
To further perfect the student’s turning technique. To perfect the ability to subconsciously control the airplane while dividing attention between the flightpath and ground references. To teach the student that the radius of a turn is a distance which is affected by the degree of bank used [...]
Airplane Maneuvers – S-Turns Across a Road
Objective:
To develop in the student the ability to compensate for drift during turns, orient the flightpath with ground references, follow an assigned ground track, arrive at specified points on assigned headings, and divide the pilot’s attention.
Content:
Before Flight:
Review principles learned during Rectangular course
Review applicable aircraft performance [...]
Airplane Maneuvers – Rectangular Course
Objective:
To develop division of attention between the flightpath and ground references, while controlling the airplane and watching for other aircraft in the vicinity. To develop recognition of drift toward or away from a line parallel to the intended ground track.
Content:
Before Flight:
Review applicable aircraft performance information
Airspeed [...]
Airplane Maneuvers – Steep Spiral Descent
Objective:
To improve pilot techniques for airspeed control, wind drift control, planning, orientation, and division of attention.
Content:
Before Flight:
This maneuver is also valuable for remaining over selected spot in preparation for landing, especially emergencies
Review appropriate aircraft performance information
Steepest bank will be no more that 60°
Altitude [...]
180 Degree Power-Off Approach to Landing
Objective:
To instill in the student the judgment and procedures necessary for accurately flying the airplane, without power, to a safe landing. To further develop judgment in estimating distances and glide ratios.
Content:
Before Flight:
Review appropriate aircraft performance information
During Flight:
Altitude should not exceed 1000′ AGL except with large [...]
Airplane Maneuvers – Lazy Eights
Objective:
To develop the perfect coordination of controls through a wide range of airspeeds and altitudes so that certain accuracy points are reached with planned altitude and airspeed.
Content:
Before Flight:
Pitch-pitch-bank
During Flight:
Prominent reference points at 45°, 90°, 135° should be selected
Airspace behind and above aircraft should be clear before maneuver
Entered [...]
Airplane Maneuvers – Chandelles
Objective:
To develop the student’s coordination, orientation, planning, and accuracy of control during maximum performance flight.
Content:
Before Flight:
Altitude gain will be dependent on weather conditions and so maximum gain for that day should be the goal
Purpose is to demonstrate a maximum performance climbing turn
Since airspeed [...]
Airplane Steep Turns
Objective:
To develop the smoothness, coordination, orientation, division of attention, and control techniques necessary for the execution of maximum performance turns when the airplane is near its performance limits.
Content:
Before Flight:
45-60° bank angle
Airspeed at or below VA
360* minimum
An aircraft’s max performance turns limited by:
Power [...]
Aircraft RADAR Services
Objective:
To familiarize the student with the various Radar services available to pilots.
Content:
RADAR – Radio Detection and Ranging
Primary RADAR
How are range and azimuth determined?
Disadvantages:
Bending of RADAR pulses, or anomalous propagation, which can be caused by temperature inversions
Detection range reduced if beam bent [...]
GPS (Global Positioning System)
Objective:
To familiarize the student with the operation and use of GPS for aerial navigation.
Content:
Worldwide satellite-based navigation
Three major elements
Space segment
26 satellites
Transmit via UHF (no weather interference, but subject to line-of-sight)
Control segment
Master control station at Falcon AFB, Colorado Springs, CO
Five [...]
LORAN-C (Long Range Navigation, Version C)
Objective:
To familiarize the student with Long Range Navigation (LORAN) and its use in aerial navigation.
Content:
LORAN-C (Long Range Navigation, Version C):
Operates on 90-110 kHz Low Frequency spectrum
Widely used in maritime navigation
Coverage suitable for navigation in all of conterminous United States, and parts of Canada [...]
Non-Directional Beacons (NDB) and Automatic Direction Finders (ADF)
Objective:
To familiarize the student with Non-directional Beacons and the operation of the ADF for navigation.
Content:
200-415 kHz
See AFD for chosen NDB frequency
3-letter Morse Code station ID, 2-letter station ID for Compass Locater
Advantage over VOR:
Low-medium frequencies follow curvature of Earth
Can receive signal within [...]
VOR – Very High Frequency Omni-Directional Range
Objective:
To familiarize the student with VOR’s and their use for navigation.
Content:
VHF Omnidirectional Range (VOR)
2 Components required: Ground transmitter and airborne reciever
4 Components of aircraft’s VOR navigation instrument
VOR, VOR/DME, VORTAC
108.0-117.95 Mhz
Service volumes for T(Terminal), L(Low Alt), H(High Alt)
VOR Checks and [...]
Recovery from Unusual Flight Attitudes
Objective:
To develop the student’s ability to make intelligent decisions and execute recovery procedures based on the actual attitude of the aircraft in the event that student should inadvertently enter an unusual attitude.
Content:
Before Flight:
Unusual attitude is any attitude not normally required for flight
Effective instrument scan will [...]
Turns to Headings (Instrument)
Objective:
To familiarize the pilot with turning the aircraft with reference to the instruments and any errors associated with these instruments.
Content:
Before Flight:
For small heading changes, use a bank angle that doesn’t exceed degrees to be turned
Lead desired heading and begin roll-out apprx. ½ the bank angle [...]
Straight, Constant Airspeed Climbs / Descents (Instrument)
Objective:
To enhance the student skills and comfort with performing straight, constant airspeed climbs and descents under instrument meteorological conditions.
Content:
Before Flight:
Climbs:
Under given power setting and load condition, only one attitude will give most efficient climbs
Entry:
From cruising airspeed, raise mini aircraft to approximate nose-high indication [...]
Straight and Level Flight (Instrument)
Objective:
To develop the student’s ability to fly the aircraft with reference to the instruments.
Content:
Before Flight:
Attitude indicator as Direct Indication of pitch attitude in level flight
Must be adjusted according to other direct indications of level flight
Altimeter as Indirect Indication of pitch attitude in level flight
Rate of [...]
Maneuvering During Slow Flight
Objective:
To develop the student’s sense of feel and ability to use the controls correctly, and to improve proficiency in performing maneuvers that require slow airspeeds.
Content:
Before Flight:
Review aircraft V-speeds
Review stalls/spins
During Flight:
Slow flight should be practiced from:
Straight glides
Straight-and-level flight
Medium banked gliding
Level [...]
Airplane Spins and Spin Recovery
Objective:
To teach the pilot to recognize impending stall and spin conditions. To teach the pilot to apply immediate corrective action any time it is apparent that the airplane is nearing spin conditions.
Content:
Before Flight:
Determine if aircraft is approved for spins
Determine weight and balance limitations
Cover [...]
Airplane Secondary Stalls
Objective:
To familiarize the student with the dangers of secondary stalls, when they may occur, and how to avoid them.
Content:
Before Flight:
Review stalls
Review recovery procedures
Secondary stalls occur as a result of attempt to hasten stall recovery
During Flight:
Instructor demonstrates, then student performs maneuver
See AFH C. 4-3 to 4-12
Completion [...]
Airplane Elevator Trim Stalls
Objective:
To familiarize the student with the possible result of nose-high trim combined with takeoff power for a go-around and how to recognize and recover from such a situation. To demonstrate the importance of making smooth power applications, overcoming strong trim forces, and maintaining positive control of the [...]
Cross Controlled Stalls
Objective:
To show the effect of improper control technique and to emphasize the importance of using coordinated control pressures whenever making turns.
Content:
Before Flight:
Occurs with controls crossed and excessive back elevator pressure is applied
Most likely during correction of overshot runway on turn to final by inexperienced pilots
In [...]
Power Off Stalls – Airplane
Objective:
To familiarize the student with the conditions that produce stalls. To assist in recognizing an approaching stall. To develop a habit in the student of taking prompt, preventive or corrective action. To better prepare the student to deal with stalls during approach to landing.
Content:
Before Flight:
Review:
What is [...]
Power on Stalls – Airplane
Objective:
To familiarize the student with the conditions that produce stalls. To assist in recognizing an approaching stall. To develop a habit in the student of taking prompt, preventive or corrective action. To better prepare the student to deal with stalls during takeoff and climbout.
Content:
Before Flight:
What [...]
Straight Descents and Descending Turns
Objective:
To familiarize the student with the procedures and aerodynamics involved in descents and descending turns.
Content:
Before Flight:
What power/pitch settings lead to following descents:
Partial power descent
aka. Cruise or En route descent
400 – 500 fpm
Airspeed/pitch should be constant at predetermined levels
Descent at minimum safe airspeed
Nose-high, power assisted
Principally used for clearing [...]
Straight Climbs and Climbing Turns
Objective:
To familiarize the student with the procedures and aerodynamics involved in climbs and climbing turns.
Content:
Before Flight:
Ability to climb limited by thrust available
What power/pitch settings lead to following climbs:
Normal climb
Better engine cooling
Easier control
Better visibility over the nose
Best rate of climb, Vy
Airspeed at which most excess power [...]
Airplane Level Turns
Objective:
To teach the student to detect small deviations from straight-and-level flight as soon as they occur, necessitating only small corrections.
Content:
Before Flight:
Review general aircraft operation and speeds
Review aerodynamics for level turns
Aileron actions
Adverse yaw
Use of rudder
Once established in medium turn, rudder is no longer needed (no adverse [...]
Straight and Level Flight
Objective:
To teach the student to detect small deviations from straight-and-level flight as soon as they occur, necessitating only small corrections.
Content:
Before Flight:
Review general aircraft operation and speeds
Review aerodynamics for straight and level flight
Straight and level flight is a matter of consciously correcting the relationship [...]
Soft-field Takeoff and Climb
Objective:
To familiarize the student with the proper procedures and techniques for soft-field takeoff and climb.
Content:
Before Flight:
Review aircraft V-speeds
Terms:
Takeoff Roll (Ground Roll)
Lift-off (Rotation)
Ground Effect
Initial Climb
Torque/P-Factor
Propeller slipstream
Pre-takeoff considerations
Preflight check
CTAF or ATC
Wake turbulence
Maintaining runway centerline during takeoff roll and climbout
Why takeoff into the wind?
Noise abatement procedures
Runway condition
During Flight:
Have student perform [...]
Short-field Takeoff and Climb
Objective:
To familiarize the student with the proper procedures and techniques for short-field takeoff and climb.
Content:
Before Flight:
Review aircraft V-speeds
Terms:
Takeoff Roll (Ground Roll)
Lift-off (Rotation)
Ground Effect
Initial Climb
Torque/P-Factor
Propeller slipstream
Pre-takeoff considerations
Preflight check
CTAF or ATC
Wake turbulence
Maintaining runway centerline during takeoff roll and climbout
Why takeoff into the wind?
Noise abatement procedures
Obstacles or short runway
During Flight:
Have [...]
Normal and Crosswind Takeoff and Climb
Objective:
To familiarize the student with the proper procedures and techniques for takeoff and climb under crosswind conditions.
Content:
Before Flight:
Review aircraft V-speeds
Terms:
Takeoff Roll (Ground Roll)
Lift-off (Rotation)
Ground Effect
Initial Climb
Torque/P-Factor
Propeller slipstream
Headwind and Crosswind Components
Pre-takeoff considerations
Aircraft crosswind limitations
Preflight check
CTAF or ATC
Wake turbulence
Maintaining runway centerline during takeoff roll and climbout
Crosswind correction during taxi [...]
Airport and Runway Markings and Lights
Objective:
To familiarize the student with the various markings and lights on an airport.
Content:
Runway numbering conventions
VFR vs. IFR runways
Displaced threshold
Blast pad/stopway
Taxiway Markings
Vehicle roadway markings
Solid white lines are boundaries
Dashed white lines separate lanes within roadway
VOR receiver checkpoint [...]
Airport Traffic Patterns
Objective:
To familiarize the student with operation in an airport traffic pattern. To familiarize the student with standard and right traffic patterns.
Content:
Altitude
Entry
Traffic pattern indicators
Turn to crosswind within 300′ of pattern altitude
Pattern legs
See AFH C. 7
Completion Standards:
The lesson is complete when the instructor determines that [...]
Radio Communications & ATC Light-Gun Signals
Objective:
To familiarize the student with radio communications procedures. To familiarize the student with ATC light-gun signals and their meanings.
Content:
*Before this lesson the student should read the AIM’s Pilot/Controller Glossary and AIM Chapter 4.
Review communications requirements for different airspace areas
Radio License
Radio equipment
VHF [...]
Airplane Pre-Takeoff Check
Objective:
To familiarize the pilot with the pre-takeoff check. To ensure the pilot understands the purpose of the pre-takeoff check and what to look for during the check.
Content:
*Note: This lesson is a continuance of lesson 31, Taxiing Landplane, and will be accomplished on the first flight following [...]
Taxiing Landplane
Objective:
To familiarize the student with controlling the aircraft on the ground. To familiarize the student with the effects of wind on ground control of the aircraft and necessary compensation and safety precautions.
Content:
*Note: This lesson is a continuance of lesson 30, Engine Starting, and will be accomplished on [...]
Airplane Engine Starting
Objective:
To familiarize the student with the cockpit of the aircraft and the startup procedures. To teach the student what to look for during startup to ensure safety.
Content:
Pre-flight
Discuss startup procedures/checklist and reinforce importance of checklist usage
Aircraft position during startup
Prop blast related to people, objects, [...]
Crew – Cockpit Resource Management
Objectives:
To familiarize the student with the methods of organizing the cockpit prior to and during flight and to familiarize the student with the topic of crew resource management and its importance in aviation.
Content:
Cockpit organization
Document organization and scan for loose articles that could interfere with flight [...]
Airplane Visual Inspection
Objectives:
To familiarize the student with the visual checks to be performed on an aircraft before flight and to teach him what items should be checked to ensure safety.
Content:
Required items on board airplane (ARROW)
Airworthiness Certificate
Registration Certificate
FCC radio station license, if required by the type [...]
Airplane Performance and Limitations
Objectives:
To familiarize the student with the factors affecting the performance of an aircraft and to teach the student to calculate the performance of his aircraft under given conditions.
Content:
Structure of the atmosphere
Atmospheric pressure
Temperature/pressure lapse rates
Pressure altitude
Standard datum plane
Density altitude
Effects of pressure on density
Effects of temperature on density
Effect of humidity on [...]
Operation of Aircraft Systems
Objectives:
To familiarize the student with the operation of various aircraft systems so that the student may have a better understanding of his aircraft.
Content:
Powerplant
Reciprocating engines
Radial, In-line, V-Type, Opposed
Liquid or air cooled
4-stroke operating cycle (Intake, Compression, Power, Exhaust)
Propeller
Angle of incidence – for prop, angle formed by chord line and [...]
Aviation Weather Information
Objective:
To familiarize the student with weather and how it will affect him as a pilot. To familiarize the student with weather-related publications designed to give him a picture of the weather situation.
Content:
Weather Theory
Nature of the atmosphere
Oxygen and the human body
Atmospheric pressure
Measurement
Effects [...]
Aviation Certificates and Documents
Objective:
To familiarize the student with the different certificates and documents related to aviation that the student will, as a pilot, need to know.
Content:
Airplane Flight Manuals
Go through the different sections
Aircraft Documents
Certificate of Aircraft Registration
Cannot be used for ops when:
Aircraft registered [...]
Logbook Entries and Certificate Endorsements
Objective:
To familiarize the student with the rules rules for logbook entries and endorsements for the different types of students he may encounter as a flight instructor.
Content:
See 14 CFR Part 61.51 for Pilot Logbooks
Student Pilot Endorsements
Solo Requirements for Student Pilots (FAR 61.87)
Instructor must endorse [...]
National Airspace System
Objectives:
To familiarize the student with the different types of airspaces within and around the United States and the procedures and requirements for operation within that airspace.
Content:
Controlled and Uncontrolled Airspace
Class A, B, C, D, E, G
Controlled or uncontrolled?
Dimensions
Weather Minimums
Entry Requirements
Equipment Requirements
Pilot Certification Requirements
Speed Limits
Other Restrictions
4 Class B VFR [...]
Aviation Publications
Objective:
To familiarize the student with the various aviation-related publications that he will use to gather information for flight.
Content:
FAR/AIM
Airport/Facilities Directory
AFM/POH
Navigational Charts
FAA knowledge books
Instrument approach/departure charts
NOTAMs
See PHAN C. 7
See PHAN C. 12-1 to 12-3
See PHAN C. 14-1
Completion Standards:
The lesson is complete when the [...]
Use of Minimum Equipment Lists
Objective:
To familiarize the student with the use of minimum equipment lists and associated requirements and FAR’s.
Content:
2 Methods of maintenance deferral
Placard and remove/deactivate (see 14 CFR Part 91.213)
Minimum Equipment List as supplemental type cert. (STC)
Must follow MEL procedures document for placarding and deactivation/removal
Special [...]
Federal Aviation Regulations
Objective:
To familiarize the student with the FAR’s and their application and applicability to the student as a pilot.
Content:
See index of FAR/AIM for applicable FAR’s for the following ratings:
Recreational/Private
Instrument/CFII
Commercial
Flight Instructor
Instructor must ensure that the student has adequate knowledge of the appropriate FAR’s in preparation for a [...]
High Altitude Aircraft Operations
Objective:
To familiarize the student with the knowledge, procedures, and risks involved in high altitude operations.
Content:
High Altitude Weather:
The tropopause
The jet stream
Cirrus clouds
Clear air turbulence
Condensation trails
Exhaust contrails
Aerodynamic contrails
Dissipation trails
Haze layers
Canopy static
Icing
Thunderstorms
High [...]
Aircraft Night Operations
Objective:
To teach the pilot about the factors affecting night flying and the risks involved so that he may be able to avoid accidents due to night flying.
Content:
Night Vision
Rods
Cones
Night Vision Illusions
Autokinesis
False Horizon
Night Landing Illusions
Pilot Equipment
Airplane Equipment and Lighting
Airport [...]
Navigation and Flight Planning
Objective:
To teach the student the proper procedures and technique for piloting an airplane from one geographic position to another while monitoring his position as the flight progresses.
Content:
Aeronautical Charts
Sectionals
VFR Terminal Area Charts
World Aeronautical Charts
www.naco.faa.gov for chart listings and ordering
Latitude and Longitude (Meridians [...]
Airplane Weight & Balance
Objective:
To familiarize the student with the effects of weight and location of center of gravity on flight characteristics and to teach the student to calculate the weight and balance data for the aircraft he is flying.
Content:
Effects of weight on flight performance
Effects of weight on airplane [...]
Airplane High Lift Devices
Objective:
To familiarize the student with the operation high lift devices so that he may better understand the operation of his aircraft.
Content:
All devices used to increase CLmax by increasing wing area, camber, or both
Flaps
Plain
Split
Slotted
Fowler
Leading Edge Devices
Fixed slots
Movable slats
Leading edge flap
See [...]
Airplane Trim Devices
Objective:
To familiarize the student with the different devices used to trim the primary control systems so that he may better understand the operation of his aircraft and be able to apply his knowledge when needed.
Content:
Trim Tabs
Balance Tabs
Can be combo trim and balance tab
Assists [...]
Airplane Elevators, Ailerons, Rudder
Objective:
To familiarize the student with the operation of the primary control systems on an airplane so that he may better the effects of control movements.
Content:
Vertical Axis/Directional Stability
Rudder controls yaw
Prop slipstream increases effectivness
V-Tail Design (Ruddervators)
Susceptible to dutch roll
Drag reduction minimal
Longitudinal Axis/Lateral Stability
Ailerons control roll
Adverse yaw
Differential Ailerons reduce adverse [...]
Principles of Flight
Objective:
To familiarize the student with the basic science behind flight so that he may better understand the operation of his aircraft.
Content:
Newton’s Laws
Bernoulli’s Principle
Terms
Angle of incidence
Chord line
Relative Wind
Coefficient of lift
Factors affecting wing design
Wing planform
Camber
Aspect [...]
Use of Distractions During Flight Training
Objective:
To determine that applicants possess the skills required to cope with distractions while maintaining the degree of aircraft control required for safe flight. To help the student become better at dealing with distractions of all types by introducing them in a controlled manner.
Content:
Most stall/spin accidents [...]
Visual Scanning & Collision Avoidance
Objective:
To develop the student’s understanding of the necessary steps to take to insure safe separation between other aircraft and his own.
Content:
Right-of-way rules (14 CFR Part 91.113)
Clearing procedures
Effective scanning techniques
Takeoff/Enroute/Landing
Determining relative position and collision course
High hazard areas
Cockpit management
Obstructions to visibility
Windshield conditions
Weather
Blind spots
Lights [...]
Aeromedical Factors
Objective:
To familiarize the student with factors affecting the human body in flight and the necessary precautions to insure safety.
Content:
Medical Certificates (14 CFR Part 67)
Physiological and Psychological factors affecting performance
Hypoxia
Hyperventilation
Carbon Monoxide poisoning
Motion Sickness
Dehydration and Heatstroke
Alcohol and drugs
Stress
Fatigue
IMSAFE
Middle ear [...]
Planning an Instructional Activity
Objective:
To familiarize the student with the requirements of planning an instructional activity so that he may be better equipped to teach his own students.
Content:
Course of Training:
Course of Training – complete series of studies leading to attainment of a specific goal
Curriculum – set of courses in [...]
Human Factors in Aviation
Objective:
To educate the student so that human factors-related accidents can be reduced.
Content:
Error Chain
The DECIDE Model:
Detect the fact that a change has occurred
Estimate the need to counter or react to the change
Choose a desirable outcome for the success of the flight
Identify actions which could successfully control the change
Do the necessary [...]
Flight Instructor Characteristics & Responsibilities
Objective:
To teach the instructor the importance of projecting an image of knowledge and professionalism to students who look to instructors as authorities in their respective areas. To give the instructor knowledge on how to project this image.
Content:
Responsibilities for all aviation instructors:
Helping students learn
Devise [...]
Student Pilot Evaluation
Objective:
To teach the instructor to evaluate his students objectively and effectively to assist in the creation of the most efficient learning environment.
Content:
Evaluation
Oral Quizzes
Characteristics of an effective question:
Usually only one correct answer
Must apply to subject of instruction
Should be brief and concise, clear [...]
Teaching Methods for Aviation
Objective:
To increase the students understanding of the different teaching methods used in flight instruction and to provide the student with tools to use when he becomes the instructor.
Content:
Organize the material first into three parts
3 Part Introduction
4 approaches to Development of the main points
Conclusion
Teaching [...]
The Teaching Process for Aviation
Objective:
To make the student familiar with the four steps of the teaching process so that he may apply them to his own instruction in the future.
Content:
4 Steps to the teaching process:
Preparation
Performance objectives
Presentation
Also see Lesson Three: Teaching Methods
Application
Review and Evaluation
See Aviation Instructor’s [...]
The Learning Process – Aviation
Objective:
To increase the student’s awareness of the way people learn and to help him to be a better instructor by understanding common learning assistants and pitfalls.
Content:
Learning – a change in behavior as a result of experience
Learning Theories
Characteristics of Learning
Learning Styles
Principles of Learning (REEPIR)
Building block concept
How People Learn
Perceptions [...]
By Category:
CFI Lesson Plans
The Learning Process – Aviation
Objective:
To increase the student’s awareness of the way people learn and to help him to be a better instructor by understanding common learning assistants and pitfalls.
Content:
Learning – a change in behavior as a result of experience
Learning Theories
Characteristics of Learning
Learning Styles
Principles of Learning (REEPIR)
Building block concept
How People Learn
Perceptions [...]
The Teaching Process for Aviation
Objective:
To make the student familiar with the four steps of the teaching process so that he may apply them to his own instruction in the future.
Content:
4 Steps to the teaching process:
Preparation
Performance objectives
Presentation
Also see Lesson Three: Teaching Methods
Application
Review and Evaluation
See Aviation Instructor’s [...]
Teaching Methods for Aviation
Objective:
To increase the students understanding of the different teaching methods used in flight instruction and to provide the student with tools to use when he becomes the instructor.
Content:
Organize the material first into three parts
3 Part Introduction
4 approaches to Development of the main points
Conclusion
Teaching [...]
Student Pilot Evaluation
Objective:
To teach the instructor to evaluate his students objectively and effectively to assist in the creation of the most efficient learning environment.
Content:
Evaluation
Oral Quizzes
Characteristics of an effective question:
Usually only one correct answer
Must apply to subject of instruction
Should be brief and concise, clear [...]
Flight Instructor Characteristics & Responsibilities
Objective:
To teach the instructor the importance of projecting an image of knowledge and professionalism to students who look to instructors as authorities in their respective areas. To give the instructor knowledge on how to project this image.
Content:
Responsibilities for all aviation instructors:
Helping students learn
Devise [...]
Human Factors in Aviation
Objective:
To educate the student so that human factors-related accidents can be reduced.
Content:
Error Chain
The DECIDE Model:
Detect the fact that a change has occurred
Estimate the need to counter or react to the change
Choose a desirable outcome for the success of the flight
Identify actions which could successfully control the change
Do the necessary [...]
Planning an Instructional Activity
Objective:
To familiarize the student with the requirements of planning an instructional activity so that he may be better equipped to teach his own students.
Content:
Course of Training:
Course of Training – complete series of studies leading to attainment of a specific goal
Curriculum – set of courses in [...]
Aeromedical Factors
Objective:
To familiarize the student with factors affecting the human body in flight and the necessary precautions to insure safety.
Content:
Medical Certificates (14 CFR Part 67)
Physiological and Psychological factors affecting performance
Hypoxia
Hyperventilation
Carbon Monoxide poisoning
Motion Sickness
Dehydration and Heatstroke
Alcohol and drugs
Stress
Fatigue
IMSAFE
Middle ear [...]
Visual Scanning & Collision Avoidance
Objective:
To develop the student’s understanding of the necessary steps to take to insure safe separation between other aircraft and his own.
Content:
Right-of-way rules (14 CFR Part 91.113)
Clearing procedures
Effective scanning techniques
Takeoff/Enroute/Landing
Determining relative position and collision course
High hazard areas
Cockpit management
Obstructions to visibility
Windshield conditions
Weather
Blind spots
Lights [...]
Use of Distractions During Flight Training
Objective:
To determine that applicants possess the skills required to cope with distractions while maintaining the degree of aircraft control required for safe flight. To help the student become better at dealing with distractions of all types by introducing them in a controlled manner.
Content:
Most stall/spin accidents [...]
Principles of Flight
Objective:
To familiarize the student with the basic science behind flight so that he may better understand the operation of his aircraft.
Content:
Newton’s Laws
Bernoulli’s Principle
Terms
Angle of incidence
Chord line
Relative Wind
Coefficient of lift
Factors affecting wing design
Wing planform
Camber
Aspect [...]
Airplane Elevators, Ailerons, Rudder
Objective:
To familiarize the student with the operation of the primary control systems on an airplane so that he may better the effects of control movements.
Content:
Vertical Axis/Directional Stability
Rudder controls yaw
Prop slipstream increases effectivness
V-Tail Design (Ruddervators)
Susceptible to dutch roll
Drag reduction minimal
Longitudinal Axis/Lateral Stability
Ailerons control roll
Adverse yaw
Differential Ailerons reduce adverse [...]
Airplane Trim Devices
Objective:
To familiarize the student with the different devices used to trim the primary control systems so that he may better understand the operation of his aircraft and be able to apply his knowledge when needed.
Content:
Trim Tabs
Balance Tabs
Can be combo trim and balance tab
Assists [...]
Airplane High Lift Devices
Objective:
To familiarize the student with the operation high lift devices so that he may better understand the operation of his aircraft.
Content:
All devices used to increase CLmax by increasing wing area, camber, or both
Flaps
Plain
Split
Slotted
Fowler
Leading Edge Devices
Fixed slots
Movable slats
Leading edge flap
See [...]
Airplane Weight & Balance
Objective:
To familiarize the student with the effects of weight and location of center of gravity on flight characteristics and to teach the student to calculate the weight and balance data for the aircraft he is flying.
Content:
Effects of weight on flight performance
Effects of weight on airplane [...]
Navigation and Flight Planning
Objective:
To teach the student the proper procedures and technique for piloting an airplane from one geographic position to another while monitoring his position as the flight progresses.
Content:
Aeronautical Charts
Sectionals
VFR Terminal Area Charts
World Aeronautical Charts
www.naco.faa.gov for chart listings and ordering
Latitude and Longitude (Meridians [...]
Aircraft Night Operations
Objective:
To teach the pilot about the factors affecting night flying and the risks involved so that he may be able to avoid accidents due to night flying.
Content:
Night Vision
Rods
Cones
Night Vision Illusions
Autokinesis
False Horizon
Night Landing Illusions
Pilot Equipment
Airplane Equipment and Lighting
Airport [...]
High Altitude Aircraft Operations
Objective:
To familiarize the student with the knowledge, procedures, and risks involved in high altitude operations.
Content:
High Altitude Weather:
The tropopause
The jet stream
Cirrus clouds
Clear air turbulence
Condensation trails
Exhaust contrails
Aerodynamic contrails
Dissipation trails
Haze layers
Canopy static
Icing
Thunderstorms
High [...]
Federal Aviation Regulations
Objective:
To familiarize the student with the FAR’s and their application and applicability to the student as a pilot.
Content:
See index of FAR/AIM for applicable FAR’s for the following ratings:
Recreational/Private
Instrument/CFII
Commercial
Flight Instructor
Instructor must ensure that the student has adequate knowledge of the appropriate FAR’s in preparation for a [...]
Use of Minimum Equipment Lists
Objective:
To familiarize the student with the use of minimum equipment lists and associated requirements and FAR’s.
Content:
2 Methods of maintenance deferral
Placard and remove/deactivate (see 14 CFR Part 91.213)
Minimum Equipment List as supplemental type cert. (STC)
Must follow MEL procedures document for placarding and deactivation/removal
Special [...]
Aviation Publications
Objective:
To familiarize the student with the various aviation-related publications that he will use to gather information for flight.
Content:
FAR/AIM
Airport/Facilities Directory
AFM/POH
Navigational Charts
FAA knowledge books
Instrument approach/departure charts
NOTAMs
See PHAN C. 7
See PHAN C. 12-1 to 12-3
See PHAN C. 14-1
Completion Standards:
The lesson is complete when the [...]
National Airspace System
Objectives:
To familiarize the student with the different types of airspaces within and around the United States and the procedures and requirements for operation within that airspace.
Content:
Controlled and Uncontrolled Airspace
Class A, B, C, D, E, G
Controlled or uncontrolled?
Dimensions
Weather Minimums
Entry Requirements
Equipment Requirements
Pilot Certification Requirements
Speed Limits
Other Restrictions
4 Class B VFR [...]
Logbook Entries and Certificate Endorsements
Objective:
To familiarize the student with the rules rules for logbook entries and endorsements for the different types of students he may encounter as a flight instructor.
Content:
See 14 CFR Part 61.51 for Pilot Logbooks
Student Pilot Endorsements
Solo Requirements for Student Pilots (FAR 61.87)
Instructor must endorse [...]
Aviation Certificates and Documents
Objective:
To familiarize the student with the different certificates and documents related to aviation that the student will, as a pilot, need to know.
Content:
Airplane Flight Manuals
Go through the different sections
Aircraft Documents
Certificate of Aircraft Registration
Cannot be used for ops when:
Aircraft registered [...]
Aviation Weather Information
Objective:
To familiarize the student with weather and how it will affect him as a pilot. To familiarize the student with weather-related publications designed to give him a picture of the weather situation.
Content:
Weather Theory
Nature of the atmosphere
Oxygen and the human body
Atmospheric pressure
Measurement
Effects [...]
Operation of Aircraft Systems
Objectives:
To familiarize the student with the operation of various aircraft systems so that the student may have a better understanding of his aircraft.
Content:
Powerplant
Reciprocating engines
Radial, In-line, V-Type, Opposed
Liquid or air cooled
4-stroke operating cycle (Intake, Compression, Power, Exhaust)
Propeller
Angle of incidence – for prop, angle formed by chord line and [...]
Airplane Performance and Limitations
Objectives:
To familiarize the student with the factors affecting the performance of an aircraft and to teach the student to calculate the performance of his aircraft under given conditions.
Content:
Structure of the atmosphere
Atmospheric pressure
Temperature/pressure lapse rates
Pressure altitude
Standard datum plane
Density altitude
Effects of pressure on density
Effects of temperature on density
Effect of humidity on [...]
Airplane Visual Inspection
Objectives:
To familiarize the student with the visual checks to be performed on an aircraft before flight and to teach him what items should be checked to ensure safety.
Content:
Required items on board airplane (ARROW)
Airworthiness Certificate
Registration Certificate
FCC radio station license, if required by the type [...]
Crew – Cockpit Resource Management
Objectives:
To familiarize the student with the methods of organizing the cockpit prior to and during flight and to familiarize the student with the topic of crew resource management and its importance in aviation.
Content:
Cockpit organization
Document organization and scan for loose articles that could interfere with flight [...]
Airplane Engine Starting
Objective:
To familiarize the student with the cockpit of the aircraft and the startup procedures. To teach the student what to look for during startup to ensure safety.
Content:
Pre-flight
Discuss startup procedures/checklist and reinforce importance of checklist usage
Aircraft position during startup
Prop blast related to people, objects, [...]
Taxiing Landplane
Objective:
To familiarize the student with controlling the aircraft on the ground. To familiarize the student with the effects of wind on ground control of the aircraft and necessary compensation and safety precautions.
Content:
*Note: This lesson is a continuance of lesson 30, Engine Starting, and will be accomplished on [...]
Airplane Pre-Takeoff Check
Objective:
To familiarize the pilot with the pre-takeoff check. To ensure the pilot understands the purpose of the pre-takeoff check and what to look for during the check.
Content:
*Note: This lesson is a continuance of lesson 31, Taxiing Landplane, and will be accomplished on the first flight following [...]
Radio Communications & ATC Light-Gun Signals
Objective:
To familiarize the student with radio communications procedures. To familiarize the student with ATC light-gun signals and their meanings.
Content:
*Before this lesson the student should read the AIM’s Pilot/Controller Glossary and AIM Chapter 4.
Review communications requirements for different airspace areas
Radio License
Radio equipment
VHF [...]
Airport Traffic Patterns
Objective:
To familiarize the student with operation in an airport traffic pattern. To familiarize the student with standard and right traffic patterns.
Content:
Altitude
Entry
Traffic pattern indicators
Turn to crosswind within 300′ of pattern altitude
Pattern legs
See AFH C. 7
Completion Standards:
The lesson is complete when the instructor determines that [...]
Airport and Runway Markings and Lights
Objective:
To familiarize the student with the various markings and lights on an airport.
Content:
Runway numbering conventions
VFR vs. IFR runways
Displaced threshold
Blast pad/stopway
Taxiway Markings
Vehicle roadway markings
Solid white lines are boundaries
Dashed white lines separate lanes within roadway
VOR receiver checkpoint [...]
Normal and Crosswind Takeoff and Climb
Objective:
To familiarize the student with the proper procedures and techniques for takeoff and climb under crosswind conditions.
Content:
Before Flight:
Review aircraft V-speeds
Terms:
Takeoff Roll (Ground Roll)
Lift-off (Rotation)
Ground Effect
Initial Climb
Torque/P-Factor
Propeller slipstream
Headwind and Crosswind Components
Pre-takeoff considerations
Aircraft crosswind limitations
Preflight check
CTAF or ATC
Wake turbulence
Maintaining runway centerline during takeoff roll and climbout
Crosswind correction during taxi [...]
Short-field Takeoff and Climb
Objective:
To familiarize the student with the proper procedures and techniques for short-field takeoff and climb.
Content:
Before Flight:
Review aircraft V-speeds
Terms:
Takeoff Roll (Ground Roll)
Lift-off (Rotation)
Ground Effect
Initial Climb
Torque/P-Factor
Propeller slipstream
Pre-takeoff considerations
Preflight check
CTAF or ATC
Wake turbulence
Maintaining runway centerline during takeoff roll and climbout
Why takeoff into the wind?
Noise abatement procedures
Obstacles or short runway
During Flight:
Have [...]
Soft-field Takeoff and Climb
Objective:
To familiarize the student with the proper procedures and techniques for soft-field takeoff and climb.
Content:
Before Flight:
Review aircraft V-speeds
Terms:
Takeoff Roll (Ground Roll)
Lift-off (Rotation)
Ground Effect
Initial Climb
Torque/P-Factor
Propeller slipstream
Pre-takeoff considerations
Preflight check
CTAF or ATC
Wake turbulence
Maintaining runway centerline during takeoff roll and climbout
Why takeoff into the wind?
Noise abatement procedures
Runway condition
During Flight:
Have student perform [...]
Straight and Level Flight
Objective:
To teach the student to detect small deviations from straight-and-level flight as soon as they occur, necessitating only small corrections.
Content:
Before Flight:
Review general aircraft operation and speeds
Review aerodynamics for straight and level flight
Straight and level flight is a matter of consciously correcting the relationship [...]
Airplane Level Turns
Objective:
To teach the student to detect small deviations from straight-and-level flight as soon as they occur, necessitating only small corrections.
Content:
Before Flight:
Review general aircraft operation and speeds
Review aerodynamics for level turns
Aileron actions
Adverse yaw
Use of rudder
Once established in medium turn, rudder is no longer needed (no adverse [...]
Straight Climbs and Climbing Turns
Objective:
To familiarize the student with the procedures and aerodynamics involved in climbs and climbing turns.
Content:
Before Flight:
Ability to climb limited by thrust available
What power/pitch settings lead to following climbs:
Normal climb
Better engine cooling
Easier control
Better visibility over the nose
Best rate of climb, Vy
Airspeed at which most excess power [...]
Straight Descents and Descending Turns
Objective:
To familiarize the student with the procedures and aerodynamics involved in descents and descending turns.
Content:
Before Flight:
What power/pitch settings lead to following descents:
Partial power descent
aka. Cruise or En route descent
400 – 500 fpm
Airspeed/pitch should be constant at predetermined levels
Descent at minimum safe airspeed
Nose-high, power assisted
Principally used for clearing [...]
Power on Stalls – Airplane
Objective:
To familiarize the student with the conditions that produce stalls. To assist in recognizing an approaching stall. To develop a habit in the student of taking prompt, preventive or corrective action. To better prepare the student to deal with stalls during takeoff and climbout.
Content:
Before Flight:
What [...]
Power Off Stalls – Airplane
Objective:
To familiarize the student with the conditions that produce stalls. To assist in recognizing an approaching stall. To develop a habit in the student of taking prompt, preventive or corrective action. To better prepare the student to deal with stalls during approach to landing.
Content:
Before Flight:
Review:
What is [...]
Cross Controlled Stalls
Objective:
To show the effect of improper control technique and to emphasize the importance of using coordinated control pressures whenever making turns.
Content:
Before Flight:
Occurs with controls crossed and excessive back elevator pressure is applied
Most likely during correction of overshot runway on turn to final by inexperienced pilots
In [...]
Airplane Elevator Trim Stalls
Objective:
To familiarize the student with the possible result of nose-high trim combined with takeoff power for a go-around and how to recognize and recover from such a situation. To demonstrate the importance of making smooth power applications, overcoming strong trim forces, and maintaining positive control of the [...]
Airplane Secondary Stalls
Objective:
To familiarize the student with the dangers of secondary stalls, when they may occur, and how to avoid them.
Content:
Before Flight:
Review stalls
Review recovery procedures
Secondary stalls occur as a result of attempt to hasten stall recovery
During Flight:
Instructor demonstrates, then student performs maneuver
See AFH C. 4-3 to 4-12
Completion [...]
Airplane Spins and Spin Recovery
Objective:
To teach the pilot to recognize impending stall and spin conditions. To teach the pilot to apply immediate corrective action any time it is apparent that the airplane is nearing spin conditions.
Content:
Before Flight:
Determine if aircraft is approved for spins
Determine weight and balance limitations
Cover [...]
Maneuvering During Slow Flight
Objective:
To develop the student’s sense of feel and ability to use the controls correctly, and to improve proficiency in performing maneuvers that require slow airspeeds.
Content:
Before Flight:
Review aircraft V-speeds
Review stalls/spins
During Flight:
Slow flight should be practiced from:
Straight glides
Straight-and-level flight
Medium banked gliding
Level [...]
Straight and Level Flight (Instrument)
Objective:
To develop the student’s ability to fly the aircraft with reference to the instruments.
Content:
Before Flight:
Attitude indicator as Direct Indication of pitch attitude in level flight
Must be adjusted according to other direct indications of level flight
Altimeter as Indirect Indication of pitch attitude in level flight
Rate of [...]
Straight, Constant Airspeed Climbs / Descents (Instrument)
Objective:
To enhance the student skills and comfort with performing straight, constant airspeed climbs and descents under instrument meteorological conditions.
Content:
Before Flight:
Climbs:
Under given power setting and load condition, only one attitude will give most efficient climbs
Entry:
From cruising airspeed, raise mini aircraft to approximate nose-high indication [...]
Turns to Headings (Instrument)
Objective:
To familiarize the pilot with turning the aircraft with reference to the instruments and any errors associated with these instruments.
Content:
Before Flight:
For small heading changes, use a bank angle that doesn’t exceed degrees to be turned
Lead desired heading and begin roll-out apprx. ½ the bank angle [...]
Recovery from Unusual Flight Attitudes
Objective:
To develop the student’s ability to make intelligent decisions and execute recovery procedures based on the actual attitude of the aircraft in the event that student should inadvertently enter an unusual attitude.
Content:
Before Flight:
Unusual attitude is any attitude not normally required for flight
Effective instrument scan will [...]
VOR – Very High Frequency Omni-Directional Range
Objective:
To familiarize the student with VOR’s and their use for navigation.
Content:
VHF Omnidirectional Range (VOR)
2 Components required: Ground transmitter and airborne reciever
4 Components of aircraft’s VOR navigation instrument
VOR, VOR/DME, VORTAC
108.0-117.95 Mhz
Service volumes for T(Terminal), L(Low Alt), H(High Alt)
VOR Checks and [...]
Non-Directional Beacons (NDB) and Automatic Direction Finders (ADF)
Objective:
To familiarize the student with Non-directional Beacons and the operation of the ADF for navigation.
Content:
200-415 kHz
See AFD for chosen NDB frequency
3-letter Morse Code station ID, 2-letter station ID for Compass Locater
Advantage over VOR:
Low-medium frequencies follow curvature of Earth
Can receive signal within [...]
LORAN-C (Long Range Navigation, Version C)
Objective:
To familiarize the student with Long Range Navigation (LORAN) and its use in aerial navigation.
Content:
LORAN-C (Long Range Navigation, Version C):
Operates on 90-110 kHz Low Frequency spectrum
Widely used in maritime navigation
Coverage suitable for navigation in all of conterminous United States, and parts of Canada [...]
GPS (Global Positioning System)
Objective:
To familiarize the student with the operation and use of GPS for aerial navigation.
Content:
Worldwide satellite-based navigation
Three major elements
Space segment
26 satellites
Transmit via UHF (no weather interference, but subject to line-of-sight)
Control segment
Master control station at Falcon AFB, Colorado Springs, CO
Five [...]
Aircraft RADAR Services
Objective:
To familiarize the student with the various Radar services available to pilots.
Content:
RADAR – Radio Detection and Ranging
Primary RADAR
How are range and azimuth determined?
Disadvantages:
Bending of RADAR pulses, or anomalous propagation, which can be caused by temperature inversions
Detection range reduced if beam bent [...]
Airplane Steep Turns
Objective:
To develop the smoothness, coordination, orientation, division of attention, and control techniques necessary for the execution of maximum performance turns when the airplane is near its performance limits.
Content:
Before Flight:
45-60° bank angle
Airspeed at or below VA
360* minimum
An aircraft’s max performance turns limited by:
Power [...]
Airplane Maneuvers – Chandelles
Objective:
To develop the student’s coordination, orientation, planning, and accuracy of control during maximum performance flight.
Content:
Before Flight:
Altitude gain will be dependent on weather conditions and so maximum gain for that day should be the goal
Purpose is to demonstrate a maximum performance climbing turn
Since airspeed [...]
Airplane Maneuvers – Lazy Eights
Objective:
To develop the perfect coordination of controls through a wide range of airspeeds and altitudes so that certain accuracy points are reached with planned altitude and airspeed.
Content:
Before Flight:
Pitch-pitch-bank
During Flight:
Prominent reference points at 45°, 90°, 135° should be selected
Airspace behind and above aircraft should be clear before maneuver
Entered [...]
180 Degree Power-Off Approach to Landing
Objective:
To instill in the student the judgment and procedures necessary for accurately flying the airplane, without power, to a safe landing. To further develop judgment in estimating distances and glide ratios.
Content:
Before Flight:
Review appropriate aircraft performance information
During Flight:
Altitude should not exceed 1000′ AGL except with large [...]
Airplane Maneuvers – Steep Spiral Descent
Objective:
To improve pilot techniques for airspeed control, wind drift control, planning, orientation, and division of attention.
Content:
Before Flight:
This maneuver is also valuable for remaining over selected spot in preparation for landing, especially emergencies
Review appropriate aircraft performance information
Steepest bank will be no more that 60°
Altitude [...]
Airplane Maneuvers – Rectangular Course
Objective:
To develop division of attention between the flightpath and ground references, while controlling the airplane and watching for other aircraft in the vicinity. To develop recognition of drift toward or away from a line parallel to the intended ground track.
Content:
Before Flight:
Review applicable aircraft performance information
Airspeed [...]
Airplane Maneuvers – S-Turns Across a Road
Objective:
To develop in the student the ability to compensate for drift during turns, orient the flightpath with ground references, follow an assigned ground track, arrive at specified points on assigned headings, and divide the pilot’s attention.
Content:
Before Flight:
Review principles learned during Rectangular course
Review applicable aircraft performance [...]
Airplane Maneuvers – Turns Around a Point
Objective:
To further perfect the student’s turning technique. To perfect the ability to subconsciously control the airplane while dividing attention between the flightpath and ground references. To teach the student that the radius of a turn is a distance which is affected by the degree of bank used [...]
Airplane Maneuvers – Eights on Pylons
Objective:
To develop in the student the ability to compensate for drift during turns, orient the flightpath with ground references, follow an assigned ground track, arrive at specified points on assigned headings, and divide the pilot’s attention.
Content:
Before Flight:
Before introducing this maneuver, instructor should ensure that the student has [...]
Airplane Maneuvers – Emergency Approach and Landing
Objective:
To instill in the student the knowledge that almost any terrain can be considered “suitable” for a survivable crash landing if the pilot knows how to use the airplane structure for self-protection and the protection of passengers.
Content:
Before Flight:
Types of Emergency Landings:
Forced
Precautionary
Ditching
Psychological Hazards
Reluctance to [...]
Airplane Systems and Equipment Malfunction
Objective:
To instill in the student the proper techniques and procedures for dealing with malfunctions of any systems or equipment on board the aircraft
Content:
Before Flight:
Cover all emergency procedures in Section 3 of AFM/POH
Flight instrument system malfunctions
Practice systems failures in simulator
During Flight:
Instructor will simulate failure [...]
Airplane Emergency Equipment and Survival Gear
Objective:
To familiarize the student with emergency equipment and survival gear that is required by the FARs and that he may encounter while flying.
Content:
Survival equipment for over-water operations (91.509)
Standard emergency equipment (91.513)
Hand fire extinguishers
First aid kits
Crash axe if over 19 passengers
Megaphone [...]
Normal and Crosswind Approaches and Landings
Objective:
To teach the pilot appropriate procedures and techniques for approach and landing in normal and crosswind conditions. To teach the pilot to recognize unsafe conditions and improve the pilot’s judgment.
Content:
Before Flight:
Review aircraft performance information and V-speeds
Review Normal/Crosswind Takeoff/Climbout lesson
Review manufacturer’s recommended procedures
Downwind
Base
Final
Flare [...]
Airplane Forward Slip to Landing
Objective:
To teach the pilot proper procedures and technique for performing a forward slip to a landing in order to lose excess altitude quickly.
Content:
Before Flight:
What is a slip?
Occurs when bank angle too great for current rate of turn
Forward slip is one in which the airplane’s direction [...]
Airplane Landing Go-Around
Objective:
To teach the student the proper procedures and technique for executing an alternative to a landing that cannot be accomplished for any reason.
Content:
Before Flight:
Review relevant aircraft aerodynamics and performance characteristics
Go-around is not an emergency-only maneuver
Power – number one concern
Altitude
Configuration – flaps first, then [...]
Short-Field Approach and Landing
Objective:
To teach the pilot the proper procedures and technique for flying the airplane at one of its crucial performance capabilities while close to the ground in order to safely land within confined areas.
Content:
Before Flight:
When is this used?
Airspeed control even more critical than normal landings
Wider [...]
Soft-Field Approach and Landing
Objective:
To teach the pilot proper procedures and technique for making landings on soft surfaces.
Content:
Before Flight:
When is this used?
Lower than normal airspeed requires vigilance
Used to minimize nose-over force from touchdown on soft fields
Wider than normal pattern should be flown to allow time for proper setup
Touchdown [...]
Airplane Post-Flight Procedures
Objective:
To teach the pilot proper procedures and technique to perform after the flight has concluded. To teach the pilot to shutdown and secure the aircraft after flight.
Content:
Review aircraft checklists before flight
After Landing
See checklist or AFM/POH
Slow to taxi speed before exiting runway
Stop [...]