CFI Lesson Plans

Objective:
To teach the pilot proper procedures and technique to perform after the flight has concluded. To teach the pilot to shutdown and secure the aircraft after flight.

Content:

Review aircraft checklists before flight
After Landing

See checklist or AFM/POH
Slow to taxi speed before exiting runway
Stop [...]

Objective:
To teach the pilot proper procedures and technique for making landings on soft surfaces.

Content:
Before Flight:

When is this used?
Lower than normal airspeed requires vigilance
Used to minimize nose-over force from touchdown on soft fields
Wider than normal pattern should be flown to allow time for proper setup
Touchdown [...]

Objective:
To teach the pilot the proper procedures and technique for flying the airplane at one of its crucial performance capabilities while close to the ground in order to safely land within confined areas.

Content:
Before Flight:

When is this used?
Airspeed control even more critical than normal landings
Wider [...]

Objective:
To teach the student the proper procedures and technique for executing an alternative to a landing that cannot be accomplished for any reason.

Content:
Before Flight:

Review relevant aircraft aerodynamics and performance characteristics
Go-around is not an emergency-only maneuver
Power – number one concern
Altitude
Configuration – flaps first, then [...]

Objective:
To teach the pilot proper procedures and technique for performing a forward slip to a landing in order to lose excess altitude quickly.

Content:
Before Flight:

What is a slip?

Occurs when bank angle too great for current rate of turn
Forward slip is one in which the airplane’s direction [...]

Objective:
To teach the pilot appropriate procedures and techniques for approach and landing in normal and crosswind conditions. To teach the pilot to recognize unsafe conditions and improve the pilot’s judgment.

Content:
Before Flight:

Review aircraft performance information and V-speeds
Review Normal/Crosswind Takeoff/Climbout lesson
Review manufacturer’s recommended procedures
Downwind
Base
Final
Flare [...]

Objective:
To familiarize the student with emergency equipment and survival gear that is required by the FARs and that he may encounter while flying.

Content:

Survival equipment for over-water operations (91.509)
Standard emergency equipment (91.513)

Hand fire extinguishers
First aid kits
Crash axe if over 19 passengers
Megaphone [...]

Objective:
To instill in the student the proper techniques and procedures for dealing with malfunctions of any systems or equipment on board the aircraft

Content:
Before Flight:

Cover all emergency procedures in Section 3 of AFM/POH
Flight instrument system malfunctions

Practice systems failures in simulator

During Flight:

Instructor will simulate failure [...]

Objective:
To instill in the student the knowledge that almost any terrain can be considered “suitable” for a survivable crash landing if the pilot knows how to use the airplane structure for self-protection and the protection of passengers.

Content:
Before Flight:

Types of Emergency Landings:

Forced
Precautionary
Ditching

Psychological Hazards

Reluctance to [...]

Objective:
To develop in the student the ability to compensate for drift during turns, orient the flightpath with ground references, follow an assigned ground track, arrive at specified points on assigned headings, and divide the pilot’s attention.

Content:
Before Flight:

Before introducing this maneuver, instructor should ensure that the student has [...]

Objective:
To further perfect the student’s turning technique. To perfect the ability to subconsciously control the airplane while dividing attention between the flightpath and ground references. To teach the student that the radius of a turn is a distance which is affected by the degree of bank used [...]

Objective:
To develop in the student the ability to compensate for drift during turns, orient the flightpath with ground references, follow an assigned ground track, arrive at specified points on assigned headings, and divide the pilot’s attention.

Content:
Before Flight:

Review principles learned during Rectangular course
Review applicable aircraft performance [...]

Objective:
To develop division of attention between the flightpath and ground references, while controlling the airplane and watching for other aircraft in the vicinity. To develop recognition of drift toward or away from a line parallel to the intended ground track.

Content:
Before Flight:

Review applicable aircraft performance information
Airspeed [...]

Objective:
To improve pilot techniques for airspeed control, wind drift control, planning, orientation, and division of attention.

Content:
Before Flight:

This maneuver is also valuable for remaining over selected spot in preparation for landing, especially emergencies
Review appropriate aircraft performance information
Steepest bank will be no more that 60°
Altitude [...]

Objective:
To instill in the student the judgment and procedures necessary for accurately flying the airplane, without power, to a safe landing. To further develop judgment in estimating distances and glide ratios.

Content:
Before Flight:

Review appropriate aircraft performance information

During Flight:

Altitude should not exceed 1000′ AGL except with large [...]

Objective:
To develop the perfect coordination of controls through a wide range of airspeeds and altitudes so that certain accuracy points are reached with planned altitude and airspeed.

Content:
Before Flight:

Pitch-pitch-bank

During Flight:

Prominent reference points at 45°, 90°, 135° should be selected
Airspace behind and above aircraft should be clear before maneuver
Entered [...]

Objective:
To develop the student’s coordination, orientation, planning, and accuracy of control during maximum performance flight.

Content:
Before Flight:

Altitude gain will be dependent on weather conditions and so maximum gain for that day should be the goal
Purpose is to demonstrate a maximum performance climbing turn
Since airspeed [...]

Objective:
To develop the smoothness, coordination, orientation, division of attention, and control techniques necessary for the execution of maximum performance turns when the airplane is near its performance limits.

Content:
Before Flight:

45-60° bank angle
Airspeed at or below VA
360* minimum
An aircraft’s max performance turns limited by:

Power [...]

Objective:
To familiarize the student with the various Radar services available to pilots.

Content:

RADAR – Radio Detection and Ranging
Primary RADAR

How are range and azimuth determined?
Disadvantages:

Bending of RADAR pulses, or anomalous propagation, which can be caused by temperature inversions
Detection range reduced if beam bent [...]

Objective:
To familiarize the student with the operation and use of GPS for aerial navigation.

Content:

Worldwide satellite-based navigation
Three major elements

Space segment

26 satellites
Transmit via UHF (no weather interference, but subject to line-of-sight)

Control segment

Master control station at Falcon AFB, Colorado Springs, CO
Five [...]

Objective:
To familiarize the student with Long Range Navigation (LORAN) and its use in aerial navigation.

Content:

LORAN-C (Long Range Navigation, Version C):

Operates on 90-110 kHz Low Frequency spectrum
Widely used in maritime navigation
Coverage suitable for navigation in all of conterminous United States, and parts of Canada [...]

Objective:
To familiarize the student with Non-directional Beacons and the operation of the ADF for navigation.

Content:

200-415 kHz
See AFD for chosen NDB frequency
3-letter Morse Code station ID, 2-letter station ID for Compass Locater
Advantage over VOR:

Low-medium frequencies follow curvature of Earth

Can receive signal within [...]

Objective:
To familiarize the student with VOR’s and their use for navigation.

Content:

VHF Omnidirectional Range (VOR)
2 Components required: Ground transmitter and airborne reciever
4 Components of aircraft’s VOR navigation instrument
VOR, VOR/DME, VORTAC
108.0-117.95 Mhz
Service volumes for T(Terminal), L(Low Alt), H(High Alt)
VOR Checks and [...]

Objective:
To develop the student’s ability to make intelligent decisions and execute recovery procedures based on the actual attitude of the aircraft in the event that student should inadvertently enter an unusual attitude.

Content:
Before Flight:

Unusual attitude is any attitude not normally required for flight
Effective instrument scan will [...]

Objective:
To familiarize the pilot with turning the aircraft with reference to the instruments and any errors associated with these instruments.

Content:
Before Flight:

For small heading changes, use a bank angle that doesn’t exceed degrees to be turned
Lead desired heading and begin roll-out apprx. ½ the bank angle [...]

Objective:
To enhance the student skills and comfort with performing straight, constant airspeed climbs and descents under instrument meteorological conditions.

Content:
Before Flight:

Climbs:

Under given power setting and load condition, only one attitude will give most efficient climbs
Entry:

From cruising airspeed, raise mini aircraft to approximate nose-high indication [...]

Objective:
To develop the student’s ability to fly the aircraft with reference to the instruments.

Content:
Before Flight:

Attitude indicator as Direct Indication of pitch attitude in level flight

Must be adjusted according to other direct indications of level flight

Altimeter as Indirect Indication of pitch attitude in level flight

Rate of [...]

Objective:
To develop the student’s sense of feel and ability to use the controls correctly, and to improve proficiency in performing maneuvers that require slow airspeeds.

Content:
Before Flight:

Review aircraft V-speeds
Review stalls/spins

During Flight:

Slow flight should be practiced from:

Straight glides
Straight-and-level flight
Medium banked gliding
Level [...]

Objective:
To teach the pilot to recognize impending stall and spin conditions. To teach the pilot to apply immediate corrective action any time it is apparent that the airplane is nearing spin conditions.

Content:
Before Flight:

Determine if aircraft is approved for spins
Determine weight and balance limitations
Cover [...]

Objective:
To familiarize the student with the dangers of secondary stalls, when they may occur, and how to avoid them.

Content:
Before Flight:

Review stalls
Review recovery procedures
Secondary stalls occur as a result of attempt to hasten stall recovery

During Flight:

Instructor demonstrates, then student performs maneuver

See AFH C. 4-3 to 4-12

Completion [...]

Objective:
To familiarize the student with the possible result of nose-high trim combined with takeoff power for a go-around and how to recognize and recover from such a situation. To demonstrate the importance of making smooth power applications, overcoming strong trim forces, and maintaining positive control of the [...]

Objective:
To show the effect of improper control technique and to emphasize the importance of using coordinated control pressures whenever making turns.

Content:
Before Flight:

Occurs with controls crossed and excessive back elevator pressure is applied
Most likely during correction of overshot runway on turn to final by inexperienced pilots
In [...]

Objective:
To familiarize the student with the conditions that produce stalls. To assist in recognizing an approaching stall. To develop a habit in the student of taking prompt, preventive or corrective action. To better prepare the student to deal with stalls during approach to landing.

Content:
Before Flight:

Review:
What is [...]

Objective:
To familiarize the student with the conditions that produce stalls. To assist in recognizing an approaching stall. To develop a habit in the student of taking prompt, preventive or corrective action. To better prepare the student to deal with stalls during takeoff and climbout.

Content:
Before Flight:

What [...]

Objective:
To familiarize the student with the procedures and aerodynamics involved in descents and descending turns.

Content:
Before Flight:

What power/pitch settings lead to following descents:
Partial power descent
aka. Cruise or En route descent
400 – 500 fpm
Airspeed/pitch should be constant at predetermined levels
Descent at minimum safe airspeed
Nose-high, power assisted
Principally used for clearing [...]

Objective:
To familiarize the student with the procedures and aerodynamics involved in climbs and climbing turns.

Content:
Before Flight:

Ability to climb limited by thrust available
What power/pitch settings lead to following climbs:
Normal climb
Better engine cooling
Easier control
Better visibility over the nose
Best rate of climb, Vy
Airspeed at which most excess power [...]

Objective:
To teach the student to detect small deviations from straight-and-level flight as soon as they occur, necessitating only small corrections.

Content:
Before Flight:

Review general aircraft operation and speeds
Review aerodynamics for level turns

Aileron actions
Adverse yaw
Use of rudder

Once established in medium turn, rudder is no longer needed (no adverse [...]

Objective:
To teach the student to detect small deviations from straight-and-level flight as soon as they occur, necessitating only small corrections.

Content:
Before Flight:

Review general aircraft operation and speeds
Review aerodynamics for straight and level flight
Straight and level flight is a matter of consciously correcting the relationship [...]

Objective:
To familiarize the student with the proper procedures and techniques for soft-field takeoff and climb.

Content:
Before Flight:

Review aircraft V-speeds
Terms:

Takeoff Roll (Ground Roll)
Lift-off (Rotation)
Ground Effect
Initial Climb
Torque/P-Factor
Propeller slipstream

Pre-takeoff considerations

Preflight check
CTAF or ATC
Wake turbulence
Maintaining runway centerline during takeoff roll and climbout
Why takeoff into the wind?
Noise abatement procedures
Runway condition

During Flight:

Have student perform [...]

Objective:
To familiarize the student with the proper procedures and techniques for short-field takeoff and climb.

Content:
Before Flight:

Review aircraft V-speeds
Terms:

Takeoff Roll (Ground Roll)
Lift-off (Rotation)
Ground Effect
Initial Climb
Torque/P-Factor
Propeller slipstream

Pre-takeoff considerations
Preflight check
CTAF or ATC
Wake turbulence
Maintaining runway centerline during takeoff roll and climbout
Why takeoff into the wind?
Noise abatement procedures
Obstacles or short runway

During Flight:

Have [...]

Objective:
To familiarize the student with the proper procedures and techniques for takeoff and climb under crosswind conditions.

Content:
Before Flight:

Review aircraft V-speeds
Terms:

Takeoff Roll (Ground Roll)
Lift-off (Rotation)
Ground Effect
Initial Climb
Torque/P-Factor
Propeller slipstream
Headwind and Crosswind Components

Pre-takeoff considerations
Aircraft crosswind limitations
Preflight check
CTAF or ATC
Wake turbulence
Maintaining runway centerline during takeoff roll and climbout
Crosswind correction during taxi [...]

Objective:
To familiarize the student with the various markings and lights on an airport.

Content:

Runway numbering conventions
VFR vs. IFR runways
Displaced threshold
Blast pad/stopway
Taxiway Markings
Vehicle roadway markings

Solid white lines are boundaries
Dashed white lines separate lanes within roadway

VOR receiver checkpoint [...]

Objective:
To familiarize the student with operation in an airport traffic pattern. To familiarize the student with standard and right traffic patterns.

Content:

Altitude
Entry
Traffic pattern indicators
Turn to crosswind within 300′ of pattern altitude
Pattern legs

See AFH C. 7

Completion Standards:
The lesson is complete when the instructor determines that [...]

Objective:
To familiarize the student with radio communications procedures. To familiarize the student with ATC light-gun signals and their meanings.

Content:
*Before this lesson the student should read the AIM’s Pilot/Controller Glossary and AIM Chapter 4.

Review communications requirements for different airspace areas

Radio License

Radio equipment

VHF [...]

Objective:
To familiarize the pilot with the pre-takeoff check. To ensure the pilot understands the purpose of the pre-takeoff check and what to look for during the check.

Content:
*Note: This lesson is a continuance of lesson 31, Taxiing Landplane, and will be accomplished on the first flight following [...]

Objective:
To familiarize the student with controlling the aircraft on the ground. To familiarize the student with the effects of wind on ground control of the aircraft and necessary compensation and safety precautions.

Content:
*Note: This lesson is a continuance of lesson 30, Engine Starting, and will be accomplished on [...]

Objective:
To familiarize the student with the cockpit of the aircraft and the startup procedures. To teach the student what to look for during startup to ensure safety.

Content:
Pre-flight

Discuss startup procedures/checklist and reinforce importance of checklist usage

Aircraft position during startup

Prop blast related to people, objects, [...]

Objectives:
To familiarize the student with the methods of organizing the cockpit prior to and during flight and to familiarize the student with the topic of crew resource management and its importance in aviation.

Content:

Cockpit organization

Document organization and scan for loose articles that could interfere with flight [...]

Objectives:
To familiarize the student with the visual checks to be performed on an aircraft before flight and to teach him what items should be checked to ensure safety.

Content:

Required items on board airplane (ARROW)

Airworthiness Certificate
Registration Certificate
FCC radio station license, if required by the type [...]

Objectives:
To familiarize the student with the factors affecting the performance of an aircraft and to teach the student to calculate the performance of his aircraft under given conditions.

Content:

Structure of the atmosphere

Atmospheric pressure

Temperature/pressure lapse rates

Pressure altitude

Standard datum plane

Density altitude

Effects of pressure on density
Effects of temperature on density
Effect of humidity on [...]

Objectives:
To familiarize the student with the operation of various aircraft systems so that the student may have a better understanding of his aircraft.

Content:

Powerplant

Reciprocating engines

Radial, In-line, V-Type, Opposed
Liquid or air cooled
4-stroke operating cycle (Intake, Compression, Power, Exhaust)

Propeller

Angle of incidence – for prop, angle formed by chord line and [...]

Objective:
To familiarize the student with weather and how it will affect him as a pilot. To familiarize the student with weather-related publications designed to give him a picture of the weather situation.

Content:

Weather Theory

Nature of the atmosphere

Oxygen and the human body

Atmospheric pressure

Measurement
Effects [...]

Objective:
To familiarize the student with the different certificates and documents related to aviation that the student will, as a pilot, need to know.

Content:

Airplane Flight Manuals

Go through the different sections

Aircraft Documents

Certificate of Aircraft Registration

Cannot be used for ops when:

Aircraft registered [...]

Objective:
To familiarize the student with the rules rules for logbook entries and endorsements for the different types of students he may encounter as a flight instructor.

Content:

See 14 CFR Part 61.51 for Pilot Logbooks
Student Pilot Endorsements

Solo Requirements for Student Pilots (FAR 61.87)

Instructor must endorse [...]

Objectives:
To familiarize the student with the different types of airspaces within and around the United States and the procedures and requirements for operation within that airspace.

Content:

Controlled and Uncontrolled Airspace

Class A, B, C, D, E, G

Controlled or uncontrolled?
Dimensions
Weather Minimums
Entry Requirements
Equipment Requirements
Pilot Certification Requirements
Speed Limits
Other Restrictions
4 Class B VFR [...]

Objective:
To familiarize the student with the various aviation-related publications that he will use to gather information for flight.

Content:

FAR/AIM
Airport/Facilities Directory
AFM/POH
Navigational Charts
FAA knowledge books
Instrument approach/departure charts
NOTAMs

See PHAN C. 7
See PHAN C. 12-1 to 12-3
See PHAN C. 14-1

Completion Standards:
The lesson is complete when the [...]

Objective:
To familiarize the student with the use of minimum equipment lists and associated requirements and FAR’s.

Content:

2 Methods of maintenance deferral

Placard and remove/deactivate (see 14 CFR Part 91.213)
Minimum Equipment List as supplemental type cert. (STC)

Must follow MEL procedures document for placarding and deactivation/removal

Special [...]

Objective:
To familiarize the student with the FAR’s and their application and applicability to the student as a pilot.

Content:

See index of FAR/AIM for applicable FAR’s for the following ratings:

Recreational/Private
Instrument/CFII
Commercial
Flight Instructor

Instructor must ensure that the student has adequate knowledge of the appropriate FAR’s in preparation for a [...]

Objective:
To familiarize the student with the knowledge, procedures, and risks involved in high altitude operations.

Content:

High Altitude Weather:

The tropopause
The jet stream
Cirrus clouds
Clear air turbulence
Condensation trails

Exhaust contrails
Aerodynamic contrails
Dissipation trails

Haze layers
Canopy static
Icing
Thunderstorms

High [...]

Objective:
To teach the pilot about the factors affecting night flying and the risks involved so that he may be able to avoid accidents due to night flying.

Content:

Night Vision

Rods
Cones
Night Vision Illusions

Autokinesis
False Horizon
Night Landing Illusions

Pilot Equipment
Airplane Equipment and Lighting
Airport [...]

Objective:
To teach the student the proper procedures and technique for piloting an airplane from one geographic position to another while monitoring his position as the flight progresses.

Content:

Aeronautical Charts

Sectionals
VFR Terminal Area Charts
World Aeronautical Charts
www.naco.faa.gov for chart listings and ordering

Latitude and Longitude (Meridians [...]

Objective:
To familiarize the student with the effects of weight and location of center of gravity on flight characteristics and to teach the student to calculate the weight and balance data for the aircraft he is flying.

Content:

Effects of weight on flight performance
Effects of weight on airplane [...]

Objective:
To familiarize the student with the operation high lift devices so that he may better understand the operation of his aircraft.

Content:

All devices used to increase CLmax by increasing wing area, camber, or both
Flaps

Plain
Split
Slotted
Fowler

Leading Edge Devices

Fixed slots
Movable slats
Leading edge flap

See [...]

Objective:
To familiarize the student with the different devices used to trim the primary control systems so that he may better understand the operation of his aircraft and be able to apply his knowledge when needed.

Content:

Trim Tabs
Balance Tabs

Can be combo trim and balance tab
Assists [...]

Objective:
To familiarize the student with the operation of the primary control systems on an airplane so that he may better the effects of control movements.

Content:

Vertical Axis/Directional Stability

Rudder controls yaw
Prop slipstream increases effectivness
V-Tail Design (Ruddervators)
Susceptible to dutch roll
Drag reduction minimal

Longitudinal Axis/Lateral Stability

Ailerons control roll
Adverse yaw
Differential Ailerons reduce adverse [...]

Objective:
To familiarize the student with the basic science behind flight so that he may better understand the operation of his aircraft.

Content:

Newton’s Laws
Bernoulli’s Principle
Terms

Angle of incidence
Chord line
Relative Wind
Coefficient of lift
Factors affecting wing design

Wing planform
Camber
Aspect [...]

Objective:
To determine that applicants possess the skills required to cope with distractions while maintaining the degree of aircraft control required for safe flight. To help the student become better at dealing with distractions of all types by introducing them in a controlled manner.

Content:

Most stall/spin accidents [...]

Objective:
To develop the student’s understanding of the necessary steps to take to insure safe separation between other aircraft and his own.

Content:

Right-of-way rules (14 CFR Part 91.113)

Clearing procedures

Effective scanning techniques

Takeoff/Enroute/Landing

Determining relative position and collision course
High hazard areas
Cockpit management

Obstructions to visibility

Windshield conditions
Weather
Blind spots

Lights [...]

Objective:
To familiarize the student with factors affecting the human body in flight and the necessary precautions to insure safety.

Content:

Medical Certificates (14 CFR Part 67)
Physiological and Psychological factors affecting performance

Hypoxia
Hyperventilation
Carbon Monoxide poisoning
Motion Sickness
Dehydration and Heatstroke
Alcohol and drugs
Stress
Fatigue
IMSAFE
Middle ear [...]

Objective:
To familiarize the student with the requirements of planning an instructional activity so that he may be better equipped to teach his own students.

Content:

Course of Training:

Course of Training – complete series of studies leading to attainment of a specific goal
Curriculum – set of courses in [...]

Objective:
To educate the student so that human factors-related accidents can be reduced.

Content:

Error Chain
The DECIDE Model:

Detect the fact that a change has occurred
Estimate the need to counter or react to the change
Choose a desirable outcome for the success of the flight
Identify actions which could successfully control the change
Do the necessary [...]

Objective:
To teach the instructor the importance of projecting an image of knowledge and professionalism to students who look to instructors as authorities in their respective areas. To give the instructor knowledge on how to project this image.

Content:

Responsibilities for all aviation instructors:

Helping students learn

Devise [...]

Objective:
To teach the instructor to evaluate his students objectively and effectively to assist in the creation of the most efficient learning environment.

Content:

Evaluation

Oral Quizzes

Characteristics of an effective question:

Usually only one correct answer
Must apply to subject of instruction
Should be brief and concise, clear [...]

Objective:
To increase the students understanding of the different teaching methods used in flight instruction and to provide the student with tools to use when he becomes the instructor.

Content:

Organize the material first into three parts

3 Part Introduction
4 approaches to Development of the main points
Conclusion

Teaching [...]

Objective:
To make the student familiar with the four steps of the teaching process so that he may apply them to his own instruction in the future.

Content:

4 Steps to the teaching process:
Preparation

Performance objectives

Presentation

Also see Lesson Three: Teaching Methods

Application
Review and Evaluation

See Aviation Instructor’s [...]

Objective:
To increase the student’s awareness of the way people learn and to help him to be a better instructor by understanding common learning assistants and pitfalls.

Content:

Learning – a change in behavior as a result of experience

Learning Theories
Characteristics of Learning
Learning Styles
Principles of Learning (REEPIR)
Building block concept

How People Learn

Perceptions [...]

Objective:
To increase the student’s awareness of the way people learn and to help him to be a better instructor by understanding common learning assistants and pitfalls.

Content:

Learning – a change in behavior as a result of experience

Learning Theories
Characteristics of Learning
Learning Styles
Principles of Learning (REEPIR)
Building block concept

How People Learn

Perceptions [...]

Objective:
To make the student familiar with the four steps of the teaching process so that he may apply them to his own instruction in the future.

Content:

4 Steps to the teaching process:
Preparation

Performance objectives

Presentation

Also see Lesson Three: Teaching Methods

Application
Review and Evaluation

See Aviation Instructor’s [...]

Objective:
To increase the students understanding of the different teaching methods used in flight instruction and to provide the student with tools to use when he becomes the instructor.

Content:

Organize the material first into three parts

3 Part Introduction
4 approaches to Development of the main points
Conclusion

Teaching [...]

Objective:
To teach the instructor to evaluate his students objectively and effectively to assist in the creation of the most efficient learning environment.

Content:

Evaluation

Oral Quizzes

Characteristics of an effective question:

Usually only one correct answer
Must apply to subject of instruction
Should be brief and concise, clear [...]

Objective:
To teach the instructor the importance of projecting an image of knowledge and professionalism to students who look to instructors as authorities in their respective areas. To give the instructor knowledge on how to project this image.

Content:

Responsibilities for all aviation instructors:

Helping students learn

Devise [...]

Objective:
To educate the student so that human factors-related accidents can be reduced.

Content:

Error Chain
The DECIDE Model:

Detect the fact that a change has occurred
Estimate the need to counter or react to the change
Choose a desirable outcome for the success of the flight
Identify actions which could successfully control the change
Do the necessary [...]

Objective:
To familiarize the student with the requirements of planning an instructional activity so that he may be better equipped to teach his own students.

Content:

Course of Training:

Course of Training – complete series of studies leading to attainment of a specific goal
Curriculum – set of courses in [...]

Objective:
To familiarize the student with factors affecting the human body in flight and the necessary precautions to insure safety.

Content:

Medical Certificates (14 CFR Part 67)
Physiological and Psychological factors affecting performance

Hypoxia
Hyperventilation
Carbon Monoxide poisoning
Motion Sickness
Dehydration and Heatstroke
Alcohol and drugs
Stress
Fatigue
IMSAFE
Middle ear [...]

Objective:
To develop the student’s understanding of the necessary steps to take to insure safe separation between other aircraft and his own.

Content:

Right-of-way rules (14 CFR Part 91.113)

Clearing procedures

Effective scanning techniques

Takeoff/Enroute/Landing

Determining relative position and collision course
High hazard areas
Cockpit management

Obstructions to visibility

Windshield conditions
Weather
Blind spots

Lights [...]

Objective:
To determine that applicants possess the skills required to cope with distractions while maintaining the degree of aircraft control required for safe flight. To help the student become better at dealing with distractions of all types by introducing them in a controlled manner.

Content:

Most stall/spin accidents [...]

Objective:
To familiarize the student with the basic science behind flight so that he may better understand the operation of his aircraft.

Content:

Newton’s Laws
Bernoulli’s Principle
Terms

Angle of incidence
Chord line
Relative Wind
Coefficient of lift
Factors affecting wing design

Wing planform
Camber
Aspect [...]

Objective:
To familiarize the student with the operation of the primary control systems on an airplane so that he may better the effects of control movements.

Content:

Vertical Axis/Directional Stability

Rudder controls yaw
Prop slipstream increases effectivness
V-Tail Design (Ruddervators)
Susceptible to dutch roll
Drag reduction minimal

Longitudinal Axis/Lateral Stability

Ailerons control roll
Adverse yaw
Differential Ailerons reduce adverse [...]

Objective:
To familiarize the student with the different devices used to trim the primary control systems so that he may better understand the operation of his aircraft and be able to apply his knowledge when needed.

Content:

Trim Tabs
Balance Tabs

Can be combo trim and balance tab
Assists [...]

Objective:
To familiarize the student with the operation high lift devices so that he may better understand the operation of his aircraft.

Content:

All devices used to increase CLmax by increasing wing area, camber, or both
Flaps

Plain
Split
Slotted
Fowler

Leading Edge Devices

Fixed slots
Movable slats
Leading edge flap

See [...]

Objective:
To familiarize the student with the effects of weight and location of center of gravity on flight characteristics and to teach the student to calculate the weight and balance data for the aircraft he is flying.

Content:

Effects of weight on flight performance
Effects of weight on airplane [...]

Objective:
To teach the student the proper procedures and technique for piloting an airplane from one geographic position to another while monitoring his position as the flight progresses.

Content:

Aeronautical Charts

Sectionals
VFR Terminal Area Charts
World Aeronautical Charts
www.naco.faa.gov for chart listings and ordering

Latitude and Longitude (Meridians [...]

Objective:
To teach the pilot about the factors affecting night flying and the risks involved so that he may be able to avoid accidents due to night flying.

Content:

Night Vision

Rods
Cones
Night Vision Illusions

Autokinesis
False Horizon
Night Landing Illusions

Pilot Equipment
Airplane Equipment and Lighting
Airport [...]

Objective:
To familiarize the student with the knowledge, procedures, and risks involved in high altitude operations.

Content:

High Altitude Weather:

The tropopause
The jet stream
Cirrus clouds
Clear air turbulence
Condensation trails

Exhaust contrails
Aerodynamic contrails
Dissipation trails

Haze layers
Canopy static
Icing
Thunderstorms

High [...]

Objective:
To familiarize the student with the FAR’s and their application and applicability to the student as a pilot.

Content:

See index of FAR/AIM for applicable FAR’s for the following ratings:

Recreational/Private
Instrument/CFII
Commercial
Flight Instructor

Instructor must ensure that the student has adequate knowledge of the appropriate FAR’s in preparation for a [...]

Objective:
To familiarize the student with the use of minimum equipment lists and associated requirements and FAR’s.

Content:

2 Methods of maintenance deferral

Placard and remove/deactivate (see 14 CFR Part 91.213)
Minimum Equipment List as supplemental type cert. (STC)

Must follow MEL procedures document for placarding and deactivation/removal

Special [...]

Objective:
To familiarize the student with the various aviation-related publications that he will use to gather information for flight.

Content:

FAR/AIM
Airport/Facilities Directory
AFM/POH
Navigational Charts
FAA knowledge books
Instrument approach/departure charts
NOTAMs

See PHAN C. 7
See PHAN C. 12-1 to 12-3
See PHAN C. 14-1

Completion Standards:
The lesson is complete when the [...]

Objectives:
To familiarize the student with the different types of airspaces within and around the United States and the procedures and requirements for operation within that airspace.

Content:

Controlled and Uncontrolled Airspace

Class A, B, C, D, E, G

Controlled or uncontrolled?
Dimensions
Weather Minimums
Entry Requirements
Equipment Requirements
Pilot Certification Requirements
Speed Limits
Other Restrictions
4 Class B VFR [...]

Objective:
To familiarize the student with the rules rules for logbook entries and endorsements for the different types of students he may encounter as a flight instructor.

Content:

See 14 CFR Part 61.51 for Pilot Logbooks
Student Pilot Endorsements

Solo Requirements for Student Pilots (FAR 61.87)

Instructor must endorse [...]

Objective:
To familiarize the student with the different certificates and documents related to aviation that the student will, as a pilot, need to know.

Content:

Airplane Flight Manuals

Go through the different sections

Aircraft Documents

Certificate of Aircraft Registration

Cannot be used for ops when:

Aircraft registered [...]

Objective:
To familiarize the student with weather and how it will affect him as a pilot. To familiarize the student with weather-related publications designed to give him a picture of the weather situation.

Content:

Weather Theory

Nature of the atmosphere

Oxygen and the human body

Atmospheric pressure

Measurement
Effects [...]

Objectives:
To familiarize the student with the operation of various aircraft systems so that the student may have a better understanding of his aircraft.

Content:

Powerplant

Reciprocating engines

Radial, In-line, V-Type, Opposed
Liquid or air cooled
4-stroke operating cycle (Intake, Compression, Power, Exhaust)

Propeller

Angle of incidence – for prop, angle formed by chord line and [...]

Objectives:
To familiarize the student with the factors affecting the performance of an aircraft and to teach the student to calculate the performance of his aircraft under given conditions.

Content:

Structure of the atmosphere

Atmospheric pressure

Temperature/pressure lapse rates

Pressure altitude

Standard datum plane

Density altitude

Effects of pressure on density
Effects of temperature on density
Effect of humidity on [...]

Objectives:
To familiarize the student with the visual checks to be performed on an aircraft before flight and to teach him what items should be checked to ensure safety.

Content:

Required items on board airplane (ARROW)

Airworthiness Certificate
Registration Certificate
FCC radio station license, if required by the type [...]

Objectives:
To familiarize the student with the methods of organizing the cockpit prior to and during flight and to familiarize the student with the topic of crew resource management and its importance in aviation.

Content:

Cockpit organization

Document organization and scan for loose articles that could interfere with flight [...]

Objective:
To familiarize the student with the cockpit of the aircraft and the startup procedures. To teach the student what to look for during startup to ensure safety.

Content:
Pre-flight

Discuss startup procedures/checklist and reinforce importance of checklist usage

Aircraft position during startup

Prop blast related to people, objects, [...]

Objective:
To familiarize the student with controlling the aircraft on the ground. To familiarize the student with the effects of wind on ground control of the aircraft and necessary compensation and safety precautions.

Content:
*Note: This lesson is a continuance of lesson 30, Engine Starting, and will be accomplished on [...]

Objective:
To familiarize the pilot with the pre-takeoff check. To ensure the pilot understands the purpose of the pre-takeoff check and what to look for during the check.

Content:
*Note: This lesson is a continuance of lesson 31, Taxiing Landplane, and will be accomplished on the first flight following [...]

Objective:
To familiarize the student with radio communications procedures. To familiarize the student with ATC light-gun signals and their meanings.

Content:
*Before this lesson the student should read the AIM’s Pilot/Controller Glossary and AIM Chapter 4.

Review communications requirements for different airspace areas

Radio License

Radio equipment

VHF [...]

Objective:
To familiarize the student with operation in an airport traffic pattern. To familiarize the student with standard and right traffic patterns.

Content:

Altitude
Entry
Traffic pattern indicators
Turn to crosswind within 300′ of pattern altitude
Pattern legs

See AFH C. 7

Completion Standards:
The lesson is complete when the instructor determines that [...]

Objective:
To familiarize the student with the various markings and lights on an airport.

Content:

Runway numbering conventions
VFR vs. IFR runways
Displaced threshold
Blast pad/stopway
Taxiway Markings
Vehicle roadway markings

Solid white lines are boundaries
Dashed white lines separate lanes within roadway

VOR receiver checkpoint [...]

Objective:
To familiarize the student with the proper procedures and techniques for takeoff and climb under crosswind conditions.

Content:
Before Flight:

Review aircraft V-speeds
Terms:

Takeoff Roll (Ground Roll)
Lift-off (Rotation)
Ground Effect
Initial Climb
Torque/P-Factor
Propeller slipstream
Headwind and Crosswind Components

Pre-takeoff considerations
Aircraft crosswind limitations
Preflight check
CTAF or ATC
Wake turbulence
Maintaining runway centerline during takeoff roll and climbout
Crosswind correction during taxi [...]

Objective:
To familiarize the student with the proper procedures and techniques for short-field takeoff and climb.

Content:
Before Flight:

Review aircraft V-speeds
Terms:

Takeoff Roll (Ground Roll)
Lift-off (Rotation)
Ground Effect
Initial Climb
Torque/P-Factor
Propeller slipstream

Pre-takeoff considerations
Preflight check
CTAF or ATC
Wake turbulence
Maintaining runway centerline during takeoff roll and climbout
Why takeoff into the wind?
Noise abatement procedures
Obstacles or short runway

During Flight:

Have [...]

Objective:
To familiarize the student with the proper procedures and techniques for soft-field takeoff and climb.

Content:
Before Flight:

Review aircraft V-speeds
Terms:

Takeoff Roll (Ground Roll)
Lift-off (Rotation)
Ground Effect
Initial Climb
Torque/P-Factor
Propeller slipstream

Pre-takeoff considerations

Preflight check
CTAF or ATC
Wake turbulence
Maintaining runway centerline during takeoff roll and climbout
Why takeoff into the wind?
Noise abatement procedures
Runway condition

During Flight:

Have student perform [...]

Objective:
To teach the student to detect small deviations from straight-and-level flight as soon as they occur, necessitating only small corrections.

Content:
Before Flight:

Review general aircraft operation and speeds
Review aerodynamics for straight and level flight
Straight and level flight is a matter of consciously correcting the relationship [...]

Objective:
To teach the student to detect small deviations from straight-and-level flight as soon as they occur, necessitating only small corrections.

Content:
Before Flight:

Review general aircraft operation and speeds
Review aerodynamics for level turns

Aileron actions
Adverse yaw
Use of rudder

Once established in medium turn, rudder is no longer needed (no adverse [...]

Objective:
To familiarize the student with the procedures and aerodynamics involved in climbs and climbing turns.

Content:
Before Flight:

Ability to climb limited by thrust available
What power/pitch settings lead to following climbs:
Normal climb
Better engine cooling
Easier control
Better visibility over the nose
Best rate of climb, Vy
Airspeed at which most excess power [...]

Objective:
To familiarize the student with the procedures and aerodynamics involved in descents and descending turns.

Content:
Before Flight:

What power/pitch settings lead to following descents:
Partial power descent
aka. Cruise or En route descent
400 – 500 fpm
Airspeed/pitch should be constant at predetermined levels
Descent at minimum safe airspeed
Nose-high, power assisted
Principally used for clearing [...]

Objective:
To familiarize the student with the conditions that produce stalls. To assist in recognizing an approaching stall. To develop a habit in the student of taking prompt, preventive or corrective action. To better prepare the student to deal with stalls during takeoff and climbout.

Content:
Before Flight:

What [...]

Objective:
To familiarize the student with the conditions that produce stalls. To assist in recognizing an approaching stall. To develop a habit in the student of taking prompt, preventive or corrective action. To better prepare the student to deal with stalls during approach to landing.

Content:
Before Flight:

Review:
What is [...]

Objective:
To show the effect of improper control technique and to emphasize the importance of using coordinated control pressures whenever making turns.

Content:
Before Flight:

Occurs with controls crossed and excessive back elevator pressure is applied
Most likely during correction of overshot runway on turn to final by inexperienced pilots
In [...]

Objective:
To familiarize the student with the possible result of nose-high trim combined with takeoff power for a go-around and how to recognize and recover from such a situation. To demonstrate the importance of making smooth power applications, overcoming strong trim forces, and maintaining positive control of the [...]

Objective:
To familiarize the student with the dangers of secondary stalls, when they may occur, and how to avoid them.

Content:
Before Flight:

Review stalls
Review recovery procedures
Secondary stalls occur as a result of attempt to hasten stall recovery

During Flight:

Instructor demonstrates, then student performs maneuver

See AFH C. 4-3 to 4-12

Completion [...]

Objective:
To teach the pilot to recognize impending stall and spin conditions. To teach the pilot to apply immediate corrective action any time it is apparent that the airplane is nearing spin conditions.

Content:
Before Flight:

Determine if aircraft is approved for spins
Determine weight and balance limitations
Cover [...]

Objective:
To develop the student’s sense of feel and ability to use the controls correctly, and to improve proficiency in performing maneuvers that require slow airspeeds.

Content:
Before Flight:

Review aircraft V-speeds
Review stalls/spins

During Flight:

Slow flight should be practiced from:

Straight glides
Straight-and-level flight
Medium banked gliding
Level [...]

Objective:
To develop the student’s ability to fly the aircraft with reference to the instruments.

Content:
Before Flight:

Attitude indicator as Direct Indication of pitch attitude in level flight

Must be adjusted according to other direct indications of level flight

Altimeter as Indirect Indication of pitch attitude in level flight

Rate of [...]

Objective:
To enhance the student skills and comfort with performing straight, constant airspeed climbs and descents under instrument meteorological conditions.

Content:
Before Flight:

Climbs:

Under given power setting and load condition, only one attitude will give most efficient climbs
Entry:

From cruising airspeed, raise mini aircraft to approximate nose-high indication [...]

Objective:
To familiarize the pilot with turning the aircraft with reference to the instruments and any errors associated with these instruments.

Content:
Before Flight:

For small heading changes, use a bank angle that doesn’t exceed degrees to be turned
Lead desired heading and begin roll-out apprx. ½ the bank angle [...]

Objective:
To develop the student’s ability to make intelligent decisions and execute recovery procedures based on the actual attitude of the aircraft in the event that student should inadvertently enter an unusual attitude.

Content:
Before Flight:

Unusual attitude is any attitude not normally required for flight
Effective instrument scan will [...]

Objective:
To familiarize the student with VOR’s and their use for navigation.

Content:

VHF Omnidirectional Range (VOR)
2 Components required: Ground transmitter and airborne reciever
4 Components of aircraft’s VOR navigation instrument
VOR, VOR/DME, VORTAC
108.0-117.95 Mhz
Service volumes for T(Terminal), L(Low Alt), H(High Alt)
VOR Checks and [...]

Objective:
To familiarize the student with Non-directional Beacons and the operation of the ADF for navigation.

Content:

200-415 kHz
See AFD for chosen NDB frequency
3-letter Morse Code station ID, 2-letter station ID for Compass Locater
Advantage over VOR:

Low-medium frequencies follow curvature of Earth

Can receive signal within [...]

Objective:
To familiarize the student with Long Range Navigation (LORAN) and its use in aerial navigation.

Content:

LORAN-C (Long Range Navigation, Version C):

Operates on 90-110 kHz Low Frequency spectrum
Widely used in maritime navigation
Coverage suitable for navigation in all of conterminous United States, and parts of Canada [...]

Objective:
To familiarize the student with the operation and use of GPS for aerial navigation.

Content:

Worldwide satellite-based navigation
Three major elements

Space segment

26 satellites
Transmit via UHF (no weather interference, but subject to line-of-sight)

Control segment

Master control station at Falcon AFB, Colorado Springs, CO
Five [...]

Objective:
To familiarize the student with the various Radar services available to pilots.

Content:

RADAR – Radio Detection and Ranging
Primary RADAR

How are range and azimuth determined?
Disadvantages:

Bending of RADAR pulses, or anomalous propagation, which can be caused by temperature inversions
Detection range reduced if beam bent [...]

Objective:
To develop the smoothness, coordination, orientation, division of attention, and control techniques necessary for the execution of maximum performance turns when the airplane is near its performance limits.

Content:
Before Flight:

45-60° bank angle
Airspeed at or below VA
360* minimum
An aircraft’s max performance turns limited by:

Power [...]

Objective:
To develop the student’s coordination, orientation, planning, and accuracy of control during maximum performance flight.

Content:
Before Flight:

Altitude gain will be dependent on weather conditions and so maximum gain for that day should be the goal
Purpose is to demonstrate a maximum performance climbing turn
Since airspeed [...]

Objective:
To develop the perfect coordination of controls through a wide range of airspeeds and altitudes so that certain accuracy points are reached with planned altitude and airspeed.

Content:
Before Flight:

Pitch-pitch-bank

During Flight:

Prominent reference points at 45°, 90°, 135° should be selected
Airspace behind and above aircraft should be clear before maneuver
Entered [...]

Objective:
To instill in the student the judgment and procedures necessary for accurately flying the airplane, without power, to a safe landing. To further develop judgment in estimating distances and glide ratios.

Content:
Before Flight:

Review appropriate aircraft performance information

During Flight:

Altitude should not exceed 1000′ AGL except with large [...]

Objective:
To improve pilot techniques for airspeed control, wind drift control, planning, orientation, and division of attention.

Content:
Before Flight:

This maneuver is also valuable for remaining over selected spot in preparation for landing, especially emergencies
Review appropriate aircraft performance information
Steepest bank will be no more that 60°
Altitude [...]

Objective:
To develop division of attention between the flightpath and ground references, while controlling the airplane and watching for other aircraft in the vicinity. To develop recognition of drift toward or away from a line parallel to the intended ground track.

Content:
Before Flight:

Review applicable aircraft performance information
Airspeed [...]

Objective:
To develop in the student the ability to compensate for drift during turns, orient the flightpath with ground references, follow an assigned ground track, arrive at specified points on assigned headings, and divide the pilot’s attention.

Content:
Before Flight:

Review principles learned during Rectangular course
Review applicable aircraft performance [...]

Objective:
To further perfect the student’s turning technique. To perfect the ability to subconsciously control the airplane while dividing attention between the flightpath and ground references. To teach the student that the radius of a turn is a distance which is affected by the degree of bank used [...]

Objective:
To develop in the student the ability to compensate for drift during turns, orient the flightpath with ground references, follow an assigned ground track, arrive at specified points on assigned headings, and divide the pilot’s attention.

Content:
Before Flight:

Before introducing this maneuver, instructor should ensure that the student has [...]

Objective:
To instill in the student the knowledge that almost any terrain can be considered “suitable” for a survivable crash landing if the pilot knows how to use the airplane structure for self-protection and the protection of passengers.

Content:
Before Flight:

Types of Emergency Landings:

Forced
Precautionary
Ditching

Psychological Hazards

Reluctance to [...]

Objective:
To instill in the student the proper techniques and procedures for dealing with malfunctions of any systems or equipment on board the aircraft

Content:
Before Flight:

Cover all emergency procedures in Section 3 of AFM/POH
Flight instrument system malfunctions

Practice systems failures in simulator

During Flight:

Instructor will simulate failure [...]

Objective:
To familiarize the student with emergency equipment and survival gear that is required by the FARs and that he may encounter while flying.

Content:

Survival equipment for over-water operations (91.509)
Standard emergency equipment (91.513)

Hand fire extinguishers
First aid kits
Crash axe if over 19 passengers
Megaphone [...]

Objective:
To teach the pilot appropriate procedures and techniques for approach and landing in normal and crosswind conditions. To teach the pilot to recognize unsafe conditions and improve the pilot’s judgment.

Content:
Before Flight:

Review aircraft performance information and V-speeds
Review Normal/Crosswind Takeoff/Climbout lesson
Review manufacturer’s recommended procedures
Downwind
Base
Final
Flare [...]

Objective:
To teach the pilot proper procedures and technique for performing a forward slip to a landing in order to lose excess altitude quickly.

Content:
Before Flight:

What is a slip?

Occurs when bank angle too great for current rate of turn
Forward slip is one in which the airplane’s direction [...]

Objective:
To teach the student the proper procedures and technique for executing an alternative to a landing that cannot be accomplished for any reason.

Content:
Before Flight:

Review relevant aircraft aerodynamics and performance characteristics
Go-around is not an emergency-only maneuver
Power – number one concern
Altitude
Configuration – flaps first, then [...]

Objective:
To teach the pilot the proper procedures and technique for flying the airplane at one of its crucial performance capabilities while close to the ground in order to safely land within confined areas.

Content:
Before Flight:

When is this used?
Airspeed control even more critical than normal landings
Wider [...]

Objective:
To teach the pilot proper procedures and technique for making landings on soft surfaces.

Content:
Before Flight:

When is this used?
Lower than normal airspeed requires vigilance
Used to minimize nose-over force from touchdown on soft fields
Wider than normal pattern should be flown to allow time for proper setup
Touchdown [...]

Objective:
To teach the pilot proper procedures and technique to perform after the flight has concluded. To teach the pilot to shutdown and secure the aircraft after flight.

Content:

Review aircraft checklists before flight
After Landing

See checklist or AFM/POH
Slow to taxi speed before exiting runway
Stop [...]