CFI Lesson Plans

Objective: To teach the pilot proper procedures and technique to perform after the flight has concluded. To teach the pilot to shutdown and secure the aircraft after flight. Content: Review aircraft checklists before flight After Landing See checklist or AFM/POH Slow to taxi speed before exiting runway Stop completely clear of runway to perform after [...]

Objective: To teach the pilot proper procedures and technique for making landings on soft surfaces. Content: Before Flight: When is this used? Lower than normal airspeed requires vigilance Used to minimize nose-over force from touchdown on soft fields Wider than normal pattern should be flown to allow time for proper setup Touchdown should be made [...]

Objective: To teach the pilot the proper procedures and technique for flying the airplane at one of its crucial performance capabilities while close to the ground in order to safely land within confined areas. Content: Before Flight: When is this used? Airspeed control even more critical than normal landings Wider than normal pattern should be [...]

Objective: To teach the student the proper procedures and technique for executing an alternative to a landing that cannot be accomplished for any reason. Content: Before Flight: Review relevant aircraft aerodynamics and performance characteristics Go-around is not an emergency-only maneuver Power – number one concern Altitude Configuration – flaps first, then landing gear Full flaps [...]

Objective: To teach the pilot proper procedures and technique for performing a forward slip to a landing in order to lose excess altitude quickly. Content: Before Flight: What is a slip? Occurs when bank angle too great for current rate of turn Forward slip is one in which the airplane’s direction of motion continues the [...]

Objective: To teach the pilot appropriate procedures and techniques for approach and landing in normal and crosswind conditions. To teach the pilot to recognize unsafe conditions and improve the pilot’s judgment. Content: Before Flight: Review aircraft performance information and V-speeds Review Normal/Crosswind Takeoff/Climbout lesson Review manufacturer’s recommended procedures Downwind Base Final Flare and Touchdown Ground [...]

Objective: To familiarize the student with emergency equipment and survival gear that is required by the FARs and that he may encounter while flying. Content: Survival equipment for over-water operations (91.509) Standard emergency equipment (91.513) Hand fire extinguishers First aid kits Crash axe if over 19 passengers Megaphone if over 60 passengers See 14 CFR [...]

Objective: To instill in the student the proper techniques and procedures for dealing with malfunctions of any systems or equipment on board the aircraft Content: Before Flight: Cover all emergency procedures in Section 3 of AFM/POH Flight instrument system malfunctions Practice systems failures in simulator During Flight: Instructor will simulate failure or malfunction of systems [...]

Objective: To instill in the student the knowledge that almost any terrain can be considered “suitable” for a survivable crash landing if the pilot knows how to use the airplane structure for self-protection and the protection of passengers. Content: Before Flight: Types of Emergency Landings: Forced Precautionary Ditching Psychological Hazards Reluctance to accept the emergency [...]

Objective: To develop in the student the ability to compensate for drift during turns, orient the flightpath with ground references, follow an assigned ground track, arrive at specified points on assigned headings, and divide the pilot’s attention. Content: Before Flight: Before introducing this maneuver, instructor should ensure that the student has the ability to make [...]

Objective: To further perfect the student’s turning technique. To perfect the ability to subconsciously control the airplane while dividing attention between the flightpath and ground references. To teach the student that the radius of a turn is a distance which is affected by the degree of bank used when turning with relation to a definite [...]

Objective: To develop in the student the ability to compensate for drift during turns, orient the flightpath with ground references, follow an assigned ground track, arrive at specified points on assigned headings, and divide the pilot’s attention. Content: Before Flight: Review principles learned during Rectangular course Review applicable aircraft performance information Bank will be steepest [...]

Objective: To develop division of attention between the flightpath and ground references, while controlling the airplane and watching for other aircraft in the vicinity. To develop recognition of drift toward or away from a line parallel to the intended ground track. Content: Before Flight: Review applicable aircraft performance information Airspeed and altitude should be held [...]

Objective: To improve pilot techniques for airspeed control, wind drift control, planning, orientation, and division of attention. Content: Before Flight: This maneuver is also valuable for remaining over selected spot in preparation for landing, especially emergencies Review appropriate aircraft performance information Steepest bank will be no more that 60° Altitude must be such that will [...]

Objective: To instill in the student the judgment and procedures necessary for accurately flying the airplane, without power, to a safe landing. To further develop judgment in estimating distances and glide ratios. Content: Before Flight: Review appropriate aircraft performance information During Flight: Altitude should not exceed 1000′ AGL except with large airplanes Close throttle abreast [...]

Objective: To develop the perfect coordination of controls through a wide range of airspeeds and altitudes so that certain accuracy points are reached with planned altitude and airspeed. Content: Before Flight: Pitch-pitch-bank During Flight: Prominent reference points at 45°, 90°, 135° should be selected Airspace behind and above aircraft should be clear before maneuver Entered [...]

Objective: To develop the student’s coordination, orientation, planning, and accuracy of control during maximum performance flight. Content: Before Flight: Altitude gain will be dependent on weather conditions and so maximum gain for that day should be the goal Purpose is to demonstrate a maximum performance climbing turn Since airspeed is constantly decreasing, torque effects will [...]

Objective: To develop the smoothness, coordination, orientation, division of attention, and control techniques necessary for the execution of maximum performance turns when the airplane is near its performance limits. Content: Before Flight: 45-60° bank angle Airspeed at or below VA 360* minimum An aircraft’s max performance turns limited by: Power output Limit load factor Aerodynamic [...]

Objective: To familiarize the student with the various Radar services available to pilots. Content: RADAR – Radio Detection and Ranging Primary RADAR How are range and azimuth determined? Disadvantages: Bending of RADAR pulses, or anomalous propagation, which can be caused by temperature inversions Detection range reduced if beam bent upward Precip. or heavy clouds can [...]

Objective: To familiarize the student with the operation and use of GPS for aerial navigation. Content: Worldwide satellite-based navigation Three major elements Space segment 26 satellites Transmit via UHF (no weather interference, but subject to line-of-sight) Control segment Master control station at Falcon AFB, Colorado Springs, CO Five monitor stations distributed around the Earth Three [...]

Objective: To familiarize the student with Long Range Navigation (LORAN) and its use in aerial navigation. Content: LORAN-C (Long Range Navigation, Version C): Operates on 90-110 kHz Low Frequency spectrum Widely used in maritime navigation Coverage suitable for navigation in all of conterminous United States, and parts of Canada and Alaska System status available from [...]

Objective: To familiarize the student with Non-directional Beacons and the operation of the ADF for navigation. Content: 200-415 kHz See AFD for chosen NDB frequency 3-letter Morse Code station ID, 2-letter station ID for Compass Locater Advantage over VOR: Low-medium frequencies follow curvature of Earth Can receive signal within range regardless of altitude Service volumes [...]

Objective: To familiarize the student with VOR’s and their use for navigation. Content: VHF Omnidirectional Range (VOR) 2 Components required: Ground transmitter and airborne reciever 4 Components of aircraft’s VOR navigation instrument VOR, VOR/DME, VORTAC 108.0-117.95 Mhz Service volumes for T(Terminal), L(Low Alt), H(High Alt) VOR Checks and tolerances VOT Airborne Checkpoint Ground Checkpoint Dual [...]

Objective: To develop the student’s ability to make intelligent decisions and execute recovery procedures based on the actual attitude of the aircraft in the event that student should inadvertently enter an unusual attitude. Content: Before Flight: Unusual attitude is any attitude not normally required for flight Effective instrument scan will allow for quick detection of [...]

Objective: To familiarize the pilot with turning the aircraft with reference to the instruments and any errors associated with these instruments. Content: Before Flight: For small heading changes, use a bank angle that doesn’t exceed degrees to be turned Lead desired heading and begin roll-out apprx. ½ the bank angle in degrees Perfect this technique [...]

Objective: To enhance the student skills and comfort with performing straight, constant airspeed climbs and descents under instrument meteorological conditions. Content: Before Flight: Climbs: Under given power setting and load condition, only one attitude will give most efficient climbs Entry: From cruising airspeed, raise mini aircraft to approximate nose-high indication for predetermined climb speed Power [...]

Objective: To develop the student’s ability to fly the aircraft with reference to the instruments. Content: Before Flight: Attitude indicator as Direct Indication of pitch attitude in level flight Must be adjusted according to other direct indications of level flight Altimeter as Indirect Indication of pitch attitude in level flight Rate of change indicates magnitude [...]

Objective: To develop the student’s sense of feel and ability to use the controls correctly, and to improve proficiency in performing maneuvers that require slow airspeeds. Content: Before Flight: Review aircraft V-speeds Review stalls/spins During Flight: Slow flight should be practiced from: Straight glides Straight-and-level flight Medium banked gliding Level flight turns Slow flight at [...]

Objective: To teach the pilot to recognize impending stall and spin conditions. To teach the pilot to apply immediate corrective action any time it is apparent that the airplane is nearing spin conditions. Content: Before Flight: Determine if aircraft is approved for spins Determine weight and balance limitations Cover entry and recovery procedures Secure loose [...]

Objective: To familiarize the student with the dangers of secondary stalls, when they may occur, and how to avoid them. Content: Before Flight: Review stalls Review recovery procedures Secondary stalls occur as a result of attempt to hasten stall recovery During Flight: Instructor demonstrates, then student performs maneuver See AFH C. 4-3 to 4-12 Completion [...]

Objective: To familiarize the student with the possible result of nose-high trim combined with takeoff power for a go-around and how to recognize and recover from such a situation. To demonstrate the importance of making smooth power applications, overcoming strong trim forces, and maintaining positive control of the airplane to hold safe flight attitudes, and [...]

Objective: To show the effect of improper control technique and to emphasize the importance of using coordinated control pressures whenever making turns. Content: Before Flight: Occurs with controls crossed and excessive back elevator pressure is applied Most likely during correction of overshot runway on turn to final by inexperienced pilots In a right turn: Right [...]

Objective: To familiarize the student with the conditions that produce stalls. To assist in recognizing an approaching stall. To develop a habit in the student of taking prompt, preventive or corrective action. To better prepare the student to deal with stalls during approach to landing. Content: Before Flight: Review: What is a stall? When can [...]

Objective: To familiarize the student with the conditions that produce stalls. To assist in recognizing an approaching stall. To develop a habit in the student of taking prompt, preventive or corrective action. To better prepare the student to deal with stalls during takeoff and climbout. Content: Before Flight: What is a stall? When can a [...]

Objective: To familiarize the student with the procedures and aerodynamics involved in descents and descending turns. Content: Before Flight: What power/pitch settings lead to following descents: Partial power descent aka. Cruise or En route descent 400 – 500 fpm Airspeed/pitch should be constant at predetermined levels Descent at minimum safe airspeed Nose-high, power assisted Principally [...]

Objective: To familiarize the student with the procedures and aerodynamics involved in climbs and climbing turns. Content: Before Flight: Ability to climb limited by thrust available What power/pitch settings lead to following climbs: Normal climb Better engine cooling Easier control Better visibility over the nose Best rate of climb, Vy Airspeed at which most excess [...]

Objective: To teach the student to detect small deviations from straight-and-level flight as soon as they occur, necessitating only small corrections. Content: Before Flight: Review general aircraft operation and speeds Review aerodynamics for level turns Aileron actions Adverse yaw Use of rudder Once established in medium turn, rudder is no longer needed (no adverse yaw [...]

Objective: To teach the student to detect small deviations from straight-and-level flight as soon as they occur, necessitating only small corrections. Content: Before Flight: Review general aircraft operation and speeds Review aerodynamics for straight and level flight Straight and level flight is a matter of consciously correcting the relationship between the position of some portion [...]

Objective: To familiarize the student with the proper procedures and techniques for soft-field takeoff and climb. Content: Before Flight: Review aircraft V-speeds Terms: Takeoff Roll (Ground Roll) Lift-off (Rotation) Ground Effect Initial Climb Torque/P-Factor Propeller slipstream Pre-takeoff considerations Preflight check CTAF or ATC Wake turbulence Maintaining runway centerline during takeoff roll and climbout Why takeoff [...]

Objective: To familiarize the student with the proper procedures and techniques for short-field takeoff and climb. Content: Before Flight: Review aircraft V-speeds Terms: Takeoff Roll (Ground Roll) Lift-off (Rotation) Ground Effect Initial Climb Torque/P-Factor Propeller slipstream Pre-takeoff considerations Preflight check CTAF or ATC Wake turbulence Maintaining runway centerline during takeoff roll and climbout Why takeoff [...]

Objective: To familiarize the student with the proper procedures and techniques for takeoff and climb under crosswind conditions. Content: Before Flight: Review aircraft V-speeds Terms: Takeoff Roll (Ground Roll) Lift-off (Rotation) Ground Effect Initial Climb Torque/P-Factor Propeller slipstream Headwind and Crosswind Components Pre-takeoff considerations Aircraft crosswind limitations Preflight check CTAF or ATC Wake turbulence Maintaining [...]

Objective: To familiarize the student with the various markings and lights on an airport. Content: Runway numbering conventions VFR vs. IFR runways Displaced threshold Blast pad/stopway Taxiway Markings Vehicle roadway markings Solid white lines are boundaries Dashed white lines separate lanes within roadway VOR receiver checkpoint markings Painted circle w/ arrow in the middle pointing [...]

Objective: To familiarize the student with operation in an airport traffic pattern. To familiarize the student with standard and right traffic patterns. Content: Altitude Entry Traffic pattern indicators Turn to crosswind within 300′ of pattern altitude Pattern legs See AFH C. 7 Completion Standards: The lesson is complete when the instructor determines that the student [...]

Objective: To familiarize the student with radio communications procedures. To familiarize the student with ATC light-gun signals and their meanings. Content: *Before this lesson the student should read the AIM’s Pilot/Controller Glossary and AIM Chapter 4. Review communications requirements for different airspace areas Radio License Radio equipment VHF 720: 118.0 – 135.975 KHz VHF 760: [...]

Objective: To familiarize the pilot with the pre-takeoff check. To ensure the pilot understands the purpose of the pre-takeoff check and what to look for during the check. Content: *Note: This lesson is a continuance of lesson 31, Taxiing Landplane, and will be accomplished on the first flight following lesson 31. Pre-flight Review pre-takeoff checklist [...]

Objective: To familiarize the student with controlling the aircraft on the ground. To familiarize the student with the effects of wind on ground control of the aircraft and necessary compensation and safety precautions. Content: *Note: This lesson is a continuance of lesson 30, Engine Starting, and will be accomplished on the first flight following lesson [...]

Objective: To familiarize the student with the cockpit of the aircraft and the startup procedures. To teach the student what to look for during startup to ensure safety. Content: Pre-flight Discuss startup procedures/checklist and reinforce importance of checklist usage Aircraft position during startup Prop blast related to people, objects, and debris Position aircraft with space [...]

Objectives: To familiarize the student with the methods of organizing the cockpit prior to and during flight and to familiarize the student with the topic of crew resource management and its importance in aviation. Content: Cockpit organization Document organization and scan for loose articles that could interfere with flight controls or be tossed around during [...]

Objectives: To familiarize the student with the visual checks to be performed on an aircraft before flight and to teach him what items should be checked to ensure safety. Content: Required items on board airplane (ARROW) Airworthiness Certificate Registration Certificate FCC radio station license, if required by the type of operation Airplane operating limitations (AFM/POH, [...]

Objectives: To familiarize the student with the factors affecting the performance of an aircraft and to teach the student to calculate the performance of his aircraft under given conditions. Content: Structure of the atmosphere Atmospheric pressure Temperature/pressure lapse rates Pressure altitude Standard datum plane Density altitude Effects of pressure on density Effects of temperature on [...]

Objectives: To familiarize the student with the operation of various aircraft systems so that the student may have a better understanding of his aircraft. Content: Powerplant Reciprocating engines Radial, In-line, V-Type, Opposed Liquid or air cooled 4-stroke operating cycle (Intake, Compression, Power, Exhaust) Propeller Angle of incidence – for prop, angle formed by chord line [...]

Objective: To familiarize the student with weather and how it will affect him as a pilot. To familiarize the student with weather-related publications designed to give him a picture of the weather situation. Content: Weather Theory Nature of the atmosphere Oxygen and the human body Atmospheric pressure Measurement Effects of altitude on pressure Effect of [...]

Objective: To familiarize the student with the different certificates and documents related to aviation that the student will, as a pilot, need to know. Content: Airplane Flight Manuals Go through the different sections Aircraft Documents Certificate of Aircraft Registration Cannot be used for ops when: Aircraft registered under laws of foreign country Aircraft’s registration canceled [...]

Objective: To familiarize the student with the rules rules for logbook entries and endorsements for the different types of students he may encounter as a flight instructor. Content: See 14 CFR Part 61.51 for Pilot Logbooks Student Pilot Endorsements Solo Requirements for Student Pilots (FAR 61.87) Instructor must endorse student pilot certificate and student’s logbooks [...]

Objectives: To familiarize the student with the different types of airspaces within and around the United States and the procedures and requirements for operation within that airspace. Content: Controlled and Uncontrolled Airspace Class A, B, C, D, E, G Controlled or uncontrolled? Dimensions Weather Minimums Entry Requirements Equipment Requirements Pilot Certification Requirements Speed Limits Other [...]

Objective: To familiarize the student with the various aviation-related publications that he will use to gather information for flight. Content: FAR/AIM Airport/Facilities Directory AFM/POH Navigational Charts FAA knowledge books Instrument approach/departure charts NOTAMs See PHAN C. 7 See PHAN C. 12-1 to 12-3 See PHAN C. 14-1 Completion Standards: The lesson is complete when the [...]

Objective: To familiarize the student with the use of minimum equipment lists and associated requirements and FAR’s. Content: 2 Methods of maintenance deferral Placard and remove/deactivate (see 14 CFR Part 91.213) Minimum Equipment List as supplemental type cert. (STC) Must follow MEL procedures document for placarding and deactivation/removal Special flight permits Advisory Circular (AC) 91-67 [...]

Objective: To familiarize the student with the FAR’s and their application and applicability to the student as a pilot. Content: See index of FAR/AIM for applicable FAR’s for the following ratings: Recreational/Private Instrument/CFII Commercial Flight Instructor Instructor must ensure that the student has adequate knowledge of the appropriate FAR’s in preparation for a checkride, even [...]

Objective: To familiarize the student with the knowledge, procedures, and risks involved in high altitude operations. Content: High Altitude Weather: The tropopause The jet stream Cirrus clouds Clear air turbulence Condensation trails Exhaust contrails Aerodynamic contrails Dissipation trails Haze layers Canopy static Icing Thunderstorms High altitude airspace and requirements Oxygen Systems and Requirements Masks Diluter [...]

Objective: To teach the pilot about the factors affecting night flying and the risks involved so that he may be able to avoid accidents due to night flying. Content: Night Vision Rods Cones Night Vision Illusions Autokinesis False Horizon Night Landing Illusions Pilot Equipment Airplane Equipment and Lighting Airport and Navigation Lighting Aids Preparation and [...]

Objective: To teach the student the proper procedures and technique for piloting an airplane from one geographic position to another while monitoring his position as the flight progresses. Content: Aeronautical Charts Sectionals VFR Terminal Area Charts World Aeronautical Charts www.naco.faa.gov for chart listings and ordering Latitude and Longitude (Meridians and Parallels) Time zones Measurement of [...]

Objective: To familiarize the student with the effects of weight and location of center of gravity on flight characteristics and to teach the student to calculate the weight and balance data for the aircraft he is flying. Content: Effects of weight on flight performance Effects of weight on airplane structure Effects of weight on stability [...]

Objective: To familiarize the student with the operation high lift devices so that he may better understand the operation of his aircraft. Content: All devices used to increase CLmax by increasing wing area, camber, or both Flaps Plain Split Slotted Fowler Leading Edge Devices Fixed slots Movable slats Leading edge flap See PHAN C. 4 [...]

Objective: To familiarize the student with the different devices used to trim the primary control systems so that he may better understand the operation of his aircraft and be able to apply his knowledge when needed. Content: Trim Tabs Balance Tabs Can be combo trim and balance tab Assists forces exerted by pilot Antiservo Tabs [...]

Objective: To familiarize the student with the operation of the primary control systems on an airplane so that he may better the effects of control movements. Content: Vertical Axis/Directional Stability Rudder controls yaw Prop slipstream increases effectivness V-Tail Design (Ruddervators) Susceptible to dutch roll Drag reduction minimal Longitudinal Axis/Lateral Stability Ailerons control roll Adverse yaw [...]

Objective: To familiarize the student with the basic science behind flight so that he may better understand the operation of his aircraft. Content: Newton’s Laws Bernoulli’s Principle Terms Angle of incidence Chord line Relative Wind Coefficient of lift Factors affecting wing design Wing planform Camber Aspect ratio Total wing area Lift Magnus Effect Explanations of [...]

Objective: To determine that applicants possess the skills required to cope with distractions while maintaining the degree of aircraft control required for safe flight. To help the student become better at dealing with distractions of all types by introducing them in a controlled manner. Content: Most stall/spin accidents occurred when pilot’s attention was diverted from [...]

Objective: To develop the student’s understanding of the necessary steps to take to insure safe separation between other aircraft and his own. Content: Right-of-way rules (14 CFR Part 91.113) Clearing procedures Effective scanning techniques Takeoff/Enroute/Landing Determining relative position and collision course High hazard areas Cockpit management Obstructions to visibility Windshield conditions Weather Blind spots Lights [...]

Objective: To familiarize the student with factors affecting the human body in flight and the necessary precautions to insure safety. Content: Medical Certificates (14 CFR Part 67) Physiological and Psychological factors affecting performance Hypoxia Hyperventilation Carbon Monoxide poisoning Motion Sickness Dehydration and Heatstroke Alcohol and drugs Stress Fatigue IMSAFE Middle ear and sinus problems during [...]

Objective: To familiarize the student with the requirements of planning an instructional activity so that he may be better equipped to teach his own students. Content: Course of Training: Course of Training – complete series of studies leading to attainment of a specific goal Curriculum – set of courses in an area of specialization offered [...]

Objective: To educate the student so that human factors-related accidents can be reduced. Content: Error Chain The DECIDE Model: Detect the fact that a change has occurred Estimate the need to counter or react to the change Choose a desirable outcome for the success of the flight Identify actions which could successfully control the change [...]

Objective: To teach the instructor the importance of projecting an image of knowledge and professionalism to students who look to instructors as authorities in their respective areas. To give the instructor knowledge on how to project this image. Content: Responsibilities for all aviation instructors: Helping students learn Devise a plan of action Pretest Create a [...]

Objective: To teach the instructor to evaluate his students objectively and effectively to assist in the creation of the most efficient learning environment. Content: Evaluation Oral Quizzes Characteristics of an effective question: Usually only one correct answer Must apply to subject of instruction Should be brief and concise, clear and definite Must be adapted to [...]

Objective: To increase the students understanding of the different teaching methods used in flight instruction and to provide the student with tools to use when he becomes the instructor. Content: Organize the material first into three parts 3 Part Introduction 4 approaches to Development of the main points Conclusion Teaching Methods Lecture Method Illustrated Talk [...]

Objective: To make the student familiar with the four steps of the teaching process so that he may apply them to his own instruction in the future. Content: 4 Steps to the teaching process: Preparation Performance objectives Presentation Also see Lesson Three: Teaching Methods Application Review and Evaluation See Aviation Instructor’s Handbook C. 4 Completion [...]

Objective: To increase the student’s awareness of the way people learn and to help him to be a better instructor by understanding common learning assistants and pitfalls. Content: Learning – a change in behavior as a result of experience Learning Theories Characteristics of Learning Learning Styles Principles of Learning (REEPIR) Building block concept How People [...]

Objective: To increase the student’s awareness of the way people learn and to help him to be a better instructor by understanding common learning assistants and pitfalls. Content: Learning – a change in behavior as a result of experience Learning Theories Characteristics of Learning Learning Styles Principles of Learning (REEPIR) Building block concept How People [...]

Objective: To make the student familiar with the four steps of the teaching process so that he may apply them to his own instruction in the future. Content: 4 Steps to the teaching process: Preparation Performance objectives Presentation Also see Lesson Three: Teaching Methods Application Review and Evaluation See Aviation Instructor’s Handbook C. 4 Completion [...]

Objective: To increase the students understanding of the different teaching methods used in flight instruction and to provide the student with tools to use when he becomes the instructor. Content: Organize the material first into three parts 3 Part Introduction 4 approaches to Development of the main points Conclusion Teaching Methods Lecture Method Illustrated Talk [...]

Objective: To teach the instructor to evaluate his students objectively and effectively to assist in the creation of the most efficient learning environment. Content: Evaluation Oral Quizzes Characteristics of an effective question: Usually only one correct answer Must apply to subject of instruction Should be brief and concise, clear and definite Must be adapted to [...]

Objective: To teach the instructor the importance of projecting an image of knowledge and professionalism to students who look to instructors as authorities in their respective areas. To give the instructor knowledge on how to project this image. Content: Responsibilities for all aviation instructors: Helping students learn Devise a plan of action Pretest Create a [...]

Objective: To educate the student so that human factors-related accidents can be reduced. Content: Error Chain The DECIDE Model: Detect the fact that a change has occurred Estimate the need to counter or react to the change Choose a desirable outcome for the success of the flight Identify actions which could successfully control the change [...]

Objective: To familiarize the student with the requirements of planning an instructional activity so that he may be better equipped to teach his own students. Content: Course of Training: Course of Training – complete series of studies leading to attainment of a specific goal Curriculum – set of courses in an area of specialization offered [...]

Objective: To familiarize the student with factors affecting the human body in flight and the necessary precautions to insure safety. Content: Medical Certificates (14 CFR Part 67) Physiological and Psychological factors affecting performance Hypoxia Hyperventilation Carbon Monoxide poisoning Motion Sickness Dehydration and Heatstroke Alcohol and drugs Stress Fatigue IMSAFE Middle ear and sinus problems during [...]

Objective: To develop the student’s understanding of the necessary steps to take to insure safe separation between other aircraft and his own. Content: Right-of-way rules (14 CFR Part 91.113) Clearing procedures Effective scanning techniques Takeoff/Enroute/Landing Determining relative position and collision course High hazard areas Cockpit management Obstructions to visibility Windshield conditions Weather Blind spots Lights [...]

Objective: To determine that applicants possess the skills required to cope with distractions while maintaining the degree of aircraft control required for safe flight. To help the student become better at dealing with distractions of all types by introducing them in a controlled manner. Content: Most stall/spin accidents occurred when pilot’s attention was diverted from [...]

Objective: To familiarize the student with the basic science behind flight so that he may better understand the operation of his aircraft. Content: Newton’s Laws Bernoulli’s Principle Terms Angle of incidence Chord line Relative Wind Coefficient of lift Factors affecting wing design Wing planform Camber Aspect ratio Total wing area Lift Magnus Effect Explanations of [...]

Objective: To familiarize the student with the operation of the primary control systems on an airplane so that he may better the effects of control movements. Content: Vertical Axis/Directional Stability Rudder controls yaw Prop slipstream increases effectivness V-Tail Design (Ruddervators) Susceptible to dutch roll Drag reduction minimal Longitudinal Axis/Lateral Stability Ailerons control roll Adverse yaw [...]

Objective: To familiarize the student with the different devices used to trim the primary control systems so that he may better understand the operation of his aircraft and be able to apply his knowledge when needed. Content: Trim Tabs Balance Tabs Can be combo trim and balance tab Assists forces exerted by pilot Antiservo Tabs [...]

Objective: To familiarize the student with the operation high lift devices so that he may better understand the operation of his aircraft. Content: All devices used to increase CLmax by increasing wing area, camber, or both Flaps Plain Split Slotted Fowler Leading Edge Devices Fixed slots Movable slats Leading edge flap See PHAN C. 4 [...]

Objective: To familiarize the student with the effects of weight and location of center of gravity on flight characteristics and to teach the student to calculate the weight and balance data for the aircraft he is flying. Content: Effects of weight on flight performance Effects of weight on airplane structure Effects of weight on stability [...]

Objective: To teach the student the proper procedures and technique for piloting an airplane from one geographic position to another while monitoring his position as the flight progresses. Content: Aeronautical Charts Sectionals VFR Terminal Area Charts World Aeronautical Charts www.naco.faa.gov for chart listings and ordering Latitude and Longitude (Meridians and Parallels) Time zones Measurement of [...]

Objective: To teach the pilot about the factors affecting night flying and the risks involved so that he may be able to avoid accidents due to night flying. Content: Night Vision Rods Cones Night Vision Illusions Autokinesis False Horizon Night Landing Illusions Pilot Equipment Airplane Equipment and Lighting Airport and Navigation Lighting Aids Preparation and [...]

Objective: To familiarize the student with the knowledge, procedures, and risks involved in high altitude operations. Content: High Altitude Weather: The tropopause The jet stream Cirrus clouds Clear air turbulence Condensation trails Exhaust contrails Aerodynamic contrails Dissipation trails Haze layers Canopy static Icing Thunderstorms High altitude airspace and requirements Oxygen Systems and Requirements Masks Diluter [...]

Objective: To familiarize the student with the FAR’s and their application and applicability to the student as a pilot. Content: See index of FAR/AIM for applicable FAR’s for the following ratings: Recreational/Private Instrument/CFII Commercial Flight Instructor Instructor must ensure that the student has adequate knowledge of the appropriate FAR’s in preparation for a checkride, even [...]

Objective: To familiarize the student with the use of minimum equipment lists and associated requirements and FAR’s. Content: 2 Methods of maintenance deferral Placard and remove/deactivate (see 14 CFR Part 91.213) Minimum Equipment List as supplemental type cert. (STC) Must follow MEL procedures document for placarding and deactivation/removal Special flight permits Advisory Circular (AC) 91-67 [...]

Objective: To familiarize the student with the various aviation-related publications that he will use to gather information for flight. Content: FAR/AIM Airport/Facilities Directory AFM/POH Navigational Charts FAA knowledge books Instrument approach/departure charts NOTAMs See PHAN C. 7 See PHAN C. 12-1 to 12-3 See PHAN C. 14-1 Completion Standards: The lesson is complete when the [...]

Objectives: To familiarize the student with the different types of airspaces within and around the United States and the procedures and requirements for operation within that airspace. Content: Controlled and Uncontrolled Airspace Class A, B, C, D, E, G Controlled or uncontrolled? Dimensions Weather Minimums Entry Requirements Equipment Requirements Pilot Certification Requirements Speed Limits Other [...]

Objective: To familiarize the student with the rules rules for logbook entries and endorsements for the different types of students he may encounter as a flight instructor. Content: See 14 CFR Part 61.51 for Pilot Logbooks Student Pilot Endorsements Solo Requirements for Student Pilots (FAR 61.87) Instructor must endorse student pilot certificate and student’s logbooks [...]

Objective: To familiarize the student with the different certificates and documents related to aviation that the student will, as a pilot, need to know. Content: Airplane Flight Manuals Go through the different sections Aircraft Documents Certificate of Aircraft Registration Cannot be used for ops when: Aircraft registered under laws of foreign country Aircraft’s registration canceled [...]

Objective: To familiarize the student with weather and how it will affect him as a pilot. To familiarize the student with weather-related publications designed to give him a picture of the weather situation. Content: Weather Theory Nature of the atmosphere Oxygen and the human body Atmospheric pressure Measurement Effects of altitude on pressure Effect of [...]

Objectives: To familiarize the student with the operation of various aircraft systems so that the student may have a better understanding of his aircraft. Content: Powerplant Reciprocating engines Radial, In-line, V-Type, Opposed Liquid or air cooled 4-stroke operating cycle (Intake, Compression, Power, Exhaust) Propeller Angle of incidence – for prop, angle formed by chord line [...]

Objectives: To familiarize the student with the factors affecting the performance of an aircraft and to teach the student to calculate the performance of his aircraft under given conditions. Content: Structure of the atmosphere Atmospheric pressure Temperature/pressure lapse rates Pressure altitude Standard datum plane Density altitude Effects of pressure on density Effects of temperature on [...]

Objectives: To familiarize the student with the visual checks to be performed on an aircraft before flight and to teach him what items should be checked to ensure safety. Content: Required items on board airplane (ARROW) Airworthiness Certificate Registration Certificate FCC radio station license, if required by the type of operation Airplane operating limitations (AFM/POH, [...]

Objectives: To familiarize the student with the methods of organizing the cockpit prior to and during flight and to familiarize the student with the topic of crew resource management and its importance in aviation. Content: Cockpit organization Document organization and scan for loose articles that could interfere with flight controls or be tossed around during [...]

Objective: To familiarize the student with the cockpit of the aircraft and the startup procedures. To teach the student what to look for during startup to ensure safety. Content: Pre-flight Discuss startup procedures/checklist and reinforce importance of checklist usage Aircraft position during startup Prop blast related to people, objects, and debris Position aircraft with space [...]

Objective: To familiarize the student with controlling the aircraft on the ground. To familiarize the student with the effects of wind on ground control of the aircraft and necessary compensation and safety precautions. Content: *Note: This lesson is a continuance of lesson 30, Engine Starting, and will be accomplished on the first flight following lesson [...]

Objective: To familiarize the pilot with the pre-takeoff check. To ensure the pilot understands the purpose of the pre-takeoff check and what to look for during the check. Content: *Note: This lesson is a continuance of lesson 31, Taxiing Landplane, and will be accomplished on the first flight following lesson 31. Pre-flight Review pre-takeoff checklist [...]

Objective: To familiarize the student with radio communications procedures. To familiarize the student with ATC light-gun signals and their meanings. Content: *Before this lesson the student should read the AIM’s Pilot/Controller Glossary and AIM Chapter 4. Review communications requirements for different airspace areas Radio License Radio equipment VHF 720: 118.0 – 135.975 KHz VHF 760: [...]

Objective: To familiarize the student with operation in an airport traffic pattern. To familiarize the student with standard and right traffic patterns. Content: Altitude Entry Traffic pattern indicators Turn to crosswind within 300′ of pattern altitude Pattern legs See AFH C. 7 Completion Standards: The lesson is complete when the instructor determines that the student [...]

Objective: To familiarize the student with the various markings and lights on an airport. Content: Runway numbering conventions VFR vs. IFR runways Displaced threshold Blast pad/stopway Taxiway Markings Vehicle roadway markings Solid white lines are boundaries Dashed white lines separate lanes within roadway VOR receiver checkpoint markings Painted circle w/ arrow in the middle pointing [...]

Objective: To familiarize the student with the proper procedures and techniques for takeoff and climb under crosswind conditions. Content: Before Flight: Review aircraft V-speeds Terms: Takeoff Roll (Ground Roll) Lift-off (Rotation) Ground Effect Initial Climb Torque/P-Factor Propeller slipstream Headwind and Crosswind Components Pre-takeoff considerations Aircraft crosswind limitations Preflight check CTAF or ATC Wake turbulence Maintaining [...]

Objective: To familiarize the student with the proper procedures and techniques for short-field takeoff and climb. Content: Before Flight: Review aircraft V-speeds Terms: Takeoff Roll (Ground Roll) Lift-off (Rotation) Ground Effect Initial Climb Torque/P-Factor Propeller slipstream Pre-takeoff considerations Preflight check CTAF or ATC Wake turbulence Maintaining runway centerline during takeoff roll and climbout Why takeoff [...]

Objective: To familiarize the student with the proper procedures and techniques for soft-field takeoff and climb. Content: Before Flight: Review aircraft V-speeds Terms: Takeoff Roll (Ground Roll) Lift-off (Rotation) Ground Effect Initial Climb Torque/P-Factor Propeller slipstream Pre-takeoff considerations Preflight check CTAF or ATC Wake turbulence Maintaining runway centerline during takeoff roll and climbout Why takeoff [...]

Objective: To teach the student to detect small deviations from straight-and-level flight as soon as they occur, necessitating only small corrections. Content: Before Flight: Review general aircraft operation and speeds Review aerodynamics for straight and level flight Straight and level flight is a matter of consciously correcting the relationship between the position of some portion [...]

Objective: To teach the student to detect small deviations from straight-and-level flight as soon as they occur, necessitating only small corrections. Content: Before Flight: Review general aircraft operation and speeds Review aerodynamics for level turns Aileron actions Adverse yaw Use of rudder Once established in medium turn, rudder is no longer needed (no adverse yaw [...]

Objective: To familiarize the student with the procedures and aerodynamics involved in climbs and climbing turns. Content: Before Flight: Ability to climb limited by thrust available What power/pitch settings lead to following climbs: Normal climb Better engine cooling Easier control Better visibility over the nose Best rate of climb, Vy Airspeed at which most excess [...]

Objective: To familiarize the student with the procedures and aerodynamics involved in descents and descending turns. Content: Before Flight: What power/pitch settings lead to following descents: Partial power descent aka. Cruise or En route descent 400 – 500 fpm Airspeed/pitch should be constant at predetermined levels Descent at minimum safe airspeed Nose-high, power assisted Principally [...]

Objective: To familiarize the student with the conditions that produce stalls. To assist in recognizing an approaching stall. To develop a habit in the student of taking prompt, preventive or corrective action. To better prepare the student to deal with stalls during takeoff and climbout. Content: Before Flight: What is a stall? When can a [...]

Objective: To familiarize the student with the conditions that produce stalls. To assist in recognizing an approaching stall. To develop a habit in the student of taking prompt, preventive or corrective action. To better prepare the student to deal with stalls during approach to landing. Content: Before Flight: Review: What is a stall? When can [...]

Objective: To show the effect of improper control technique and to emphasize the importance of using coordinated control pressures whenever making turns. Content: Before Flight: Occurs with controls crossed and excessive back elevator pressure is applied Most likely during correction of overshot runway on turn to final by inexperienced pilots In a right turn: Right [...]

Objective: To familiarize the student with the possible result of nose-high trim combined with takeoff power for a go-around and how to recognize and recover from such a situation. To demonstrate the importance of making smooth power applications, overcoming strong trim forces, and maintaining positive control of the airplane to hold safe flight attitudes, and [...]

Objective: To familiarize the student with the dangers of secondary stalls, when they may occur, and how to avoid them. Content: Before Flight: Review stalls Review recovery procedures Secondary stalls occur as a result of attempt to hasten stall recovery During Flight: Instructor demonstrates, then student performs maneuver See AFH C. 4-3 to 4-12 Completion [...]

Objective: To teach the pilot to recognize impending stall and spin conditions. To teach the pilot to apply immediate corrective action any time it is apparent that the airplane is nearing spin conditions. Content: Before Flight: Determine if aircraft is approved for spins Determine weight and balance limitations Cover entry and recovery procedures Secure loose [...]

Objective: To develop the student’s sense of feel and ability to use the controls correctly, and to improve proficiency in performing maneuvers that require slow airspeeds. Content: Before Flight: Review aircraft V-speeds Review stalls/spins During Flight: Slow flight should be practiced from: Straight glides Straight-and-level flight Medium banked gliding Level flight turns Slow flight at [...]

Objective: To develop the student’s ability to fly the aircraft with reference to the instruments. Content: Before Flight: Attitude indicator as Direct Indication of pitch attitude in level flight Must be adjusted according to other direct indications of level flight Altimeter as Indirect Indication of pitch attitude in level flight Rate of change indicates magnitude [...]

Objective: To enhance the student skills and comfort with performing straight, constant airspeed climbs and descents under instrument meteorological conditions. Content: Before Flight: Climbs: Under given power setting and load condition, only one attitude will give most efficient climbs Entry: From cruising airspeed, raise mini aircraft to approximate nose-high indication for predetermined climb speed Power [...]

Objective: To familiarize the pilot with turning the aircraft with reference to the instruments and any errors associated with these instruments. Content: Before Flight: For small heading changes, use a bank angle that doesn’t exceed degrees to be turned Lead desired heading and begin roll-out apprx. ½ the bank angle in degrees Perfect this technique [...]

Objective: To develop the student’s ability to make intelligent decisions and execute recovery procedures based on the actual attitude of the aircraft in the event that student should inadvertently enter an unusual attitude. Content: Before Flight: Unusual attitude is any attitude not normally required for flight Effective instrument scan will allow for quick detection of [...]

Objective: To familiarize the student with VOR’s and their use for navigation. Content: VHF Omnidirectional Range (VOR) 2 Components required: Ground transmitter and airborne reciever 4 Components of aircraft’s VOR navigation instrument VOR, VOR/DME, VORTAC 108.0-117.95 Mhz Service volumes for T(Terminal), L(Low Alt), H(High Alt) VOR Checks and tolerances VOT Airborne Checkpoint Ground Checkpoint Dual [...]

Objective: To familiarize the student with Non-directional Beacons and the operation of the ADF for navigation. Content: 200-415 kHz See AFD for chosen NDB frequency 3-letter Morse Code station ID, 2-letter station ID for Compass Locater Advantage over VOR: Low-medium frequencies follow curvature of Earth Can receive signal within range regardless of altitude Service volumes [...]

Objective: To familiarize the student with Long Range Navigation (LORAN) and its use in aerial navigation. Content: LORAN-C (Long Range Navigation, Version C): Operates on 90-110 kHz Low Frequency spectrum Widely used in maritime navigation Coverage suitable for navigation in all of conterminous United States, and parts of Canada and Alaska System status available from [...]

Objective: To familiarize the student with the operation and use of GPS for aerial navigation. Content: Worldwide satellite-based navigation Three major elements Space segment 26 satellites Transmit via UHF (no weather interference, but subject to line-of-sight) Control segment Master control station at Falcon AFB, Colorado Springs, CO Five monitor stations distributed around the Earth Three [...]

Objective: To familiarize the student with the various Radar services available to pilots. Content: RADAR – Radio Detection and Ranging Primary RADAR How are range and azimuth determined? Disadvantages: Bending of RADAR pulses, or anomalous propagation, which can be caused by temperature inversions Detection range reduced if beam bent upward Precip. or heavy clouds can [...]

Objective: To develop the smoothness, coordination, orientation, division of attention, and control techniques necessary for the execution of maximum performance turns when the airplane is near its performance limits. Content: Before Flight: 45-60° bank angle Airspeed at or below VA 360* minimum An aircraft’s max performance turns limited by: Power output Limit load factor Aerodynamic [...]

Objective: To develop the student’s coordination, orientation, planning, and accuracy of control during maximum performance flight. Content: Before Flight: Altitude gain will be dependent on weather conditions and so maximum gain for that day should be the goal Purpose is to demonstrate a maximum performance climbing turn Since airspeed is constantly decreasing, torque effects will [...]

Objective: To develop the perfect coordination of controls through a wide range of airspeeds and altitudes so that certain accuracy points are reached with planned altitude and airspeed. Content: Before Flight: Pitch-pitch-bank During Flight: Prominent reference points at 45°, 90°, 135° should be selected Airspace behind and above aircraft should be clear before maneuver Entered [...]

Objective: To instill in the student the judgment and procedures necessary for accurately flying the airplane, without power, to a safe landing. To further develop judgment in estimating distances and glide ratios. Content: Before Flight: Review appropriate aircraft performance information During Flight: Altitude should not exceed 1000′ AGL except with large airplanes Close throttle abreast [...]

Objective: To improve pilot techniques for airspeed control, wind drift control, planning, orientation, and division of attention. Content: Before Flight: This maneuver is also valuable for remaining over selected spot in preparation for landing, especially emergencies Review appropriate aircraft performance information Steepest bank will be no more that 60° Altitude must be such that will [...]

Objective: To develop division of attention between the flightpath and ground references, while controlling the airplane and watching for other aircraft in the vicinity. To develop recognition of drift toward or away from a line parallel to the intended ground track. Content: Before Flight: Review applicable aircraft performance information Airspeed and altitude should be held [...]

Objective: To develop in the student the ability to compensate for drift during turns, orient the flightpath with ground references, follow an assigned ground track, arrive at specified points on assigned headings, and divide the pilot’s attention. Content: Before Flight: Review principles learned during Rectangular course Review applicable aircraft performance information Bank will be steepest [...]

Objective: To further perfect the student’s turning technique. To perfect the ability to subconsciously control the airplane while dividing attention between the flightpath and ground references. To teach the student that the radius of a turn is a distance which is affected by the degree of bank used when turning with relation to a definite [...]

Objective: To develop in the student the ability to compensate for drift during turns, orient the flightpath with ground references, follow an assigned ground track, arrive at specified points on assigned headings, and divide the pilot’s attention. Content: Before Flight: Before introducing this maneuver, instructor should ensure that the student has the ability to make [...]

Objective: To instill in the student the knowledge that almost any terrain can be considered “suitable” for a survivable crash landing if the pilot knows how to use the airplane structure for self-protection and the protection of passengers. Content: Before Flight: Types of Emergency Landings: Forced Precautionary Ditching Psychological Hazards Reluctance to accept the emergency [...]

Objective: To instill in the student the proper techniques and procedures for dealing with malfunctions of any systems or equipment on board the aircraft Content: Before Flight: Cover all emergency procedures in Section 3 of AFM/POH Flight instrument system malfunctions Practice systems failures in simulator During Flight: Instructor will simulate failure or malfunction of systems [...]

Objective: To familiarize the student with emergency equipment and survival gear that is required by the FARs and that he may encounter while flying. Content: Survival equipment for over-water operations (91.509) Standard emergency equipment (91.513) Hand fire extinguishers First aid kits Crash axe if over 19 passengers Megaphone if over 60 passengers See 14 CFR [...]

Objective: To teach the pilot appropriate procedures and techniques for approach and landing in normal and crosswind conditions. To teach the pilot to recognize unsafe conditions and improve the pilot’s judgment. Content: Before Flight: Review aircraft performance information and V-speeds Review Normal/Crosswind Takeoff/Climbout lesson Review manufacturer’s recommended procedures Downwind Base Final Flare and Touchdown Ground [...]

Objective: To teach the pilot proper procedures and technique for performing a forward slip to a landing in order to lose excess altitude quickly. Content: Before Flight: What is a slip? Occurs when bank angle too great for current rate of turn Forward slip is one in which the airplane’s direction of motion continues the [...]

Objective: To teach the student the proper procedures and technique for executing an alternative to a landing that cannot be accomplished for any reason. Content: Before Flight: Review relevant aircraft aerodynamics and performance characteristics Go-around is not an emergency-only maneuver Power – number one concern Altitude Configuration – flaps first, then landing gear Full flaps [...]

Objective: To teach the pilot the proper procedures and technique for flying the airplane at one of its crucial performance capabilities while close to the ground in order to safely land within confined areas. Content: Before Flight: When is this used? Airspeed control even more critical than normal landings Wider than normal pattern should be [...]

Objective: To teach the pilot proper procedures and technique for making landings on soft surfaces. Content: Before Flight: When is this used? Lower than normal airspeed requires vigilance Used to minimize nose-over force from touchdown on soft fields Wider than normal pattern should be flown to allow time for proper setup Touchdown should be made [...]

Objective: To teach the pilot proper procedures and technique to perform after the flight has concluded. To teach the pilot to shutdown and secure the aircraft after flight. Content: Review aircraft checklists before flight After Landing See checklist or AFM/POH Slow to taxi speed before exiting runway Stop completely clear of runway to perform after [...]